Dement And Kleitman Study

• Dreams occur equally in REM and NREM sleep phases

  False
• Match the experimental approach with its dependent variable:

  Approach 1 ↔️ Dream recall

  Approach 2 ↔️ Estimated dream duration

  Approach 3 ↔️ Reported dream content
• What does EOG measure during sleep?

  Eye movements
• What was the length of the REM periods tested in Approach 2?

  5 or 15 minutes
• Steps of the procedure in Dement and Kleitman's study

  1️⃣ Dream recall

  2️⃣ Dream duration estimation

  3️⃣ Eye movement direction detection
• What is the primary conclusion about dreams in REM sleep based on Dement and Kleitman's study?

  Dreams occur in REM only
• The ability to enter REM sleep is primarily influenced by nurture

  False
• Match the strength with its explanation in Dement and Kleitman's study:

  High Reliability ↔️ Lab setting controlled conditions

  Avoided Demand Characteristics ↔️ Participants unaware of sleep stage

  Detailed Data Collection ↔️ Used EEG and EOG
• What does Dement and Kleitman's study suggest about the interplay of nature and nurture in dreaming?

  Both nature and nurture
• What does EEG measure in the Dement and Kleitman study?

  Brain activity during sleep
• EOG uses electrodes placed around the eye region to trace eye movements.
• What does NREM stand for in the context of sleep stages?

  Non-Rapid Eye Movement
• The general aim of the Dement and Kleitman study was to investigate the relationship between eye movements and dreaming.
• REM sleep is associated with dreaming.
• Dream recall is higher in REM sleep compared to NREM sleep.
• What type of correlation did the study investigate between estimated dream duration and REM period length?

  Positive correlation
• The first hypothesis of the Dement and Kleitman study stated that there would be a significant association between REM sleep and dreaming.
• The second hypothesis predicted a positive correlation between REM duration and estimated dream duration.
• What did the third hypothesis propose about eye movements and dream content?

  Significant association
• The Dement and Kleitman study used a repeated measures design in their experimental approach.
• The study recruited 9 participants through opportunity sampling.
• Steps in the Dement and Kleitman study procedure

  1️⃣ Participants reported to the lab before bedtime

  2️⃣ Participants slept in a dark, quiet room

  3️⃣ Participants were woken up during REM or NREM

  4️⃣ Participants recalled and recorded their dreams
• At what times were participants woken up to test their dream recall in Procedure 1?

  REM and NREM stages
• In Procedure 2, participants were woken up after either 5 or 15 minutes into their REM sleep.
• There was a positive correlation between REM duration and the number of words in dream narratives.
• Match the eye movement pattern with its corresponding dream content:

  Vertical movement ↔️ Standing at the bottom of a tall cliff

  Horizontal movement ↔️ Two people throwing tomatoes

  Little or no movement ↔️ Watching something in the distance
• According to the study, in which stage of sleep do dreams occur?

  REM sleep
• The study concluded that eye movements are not random but correspond to what the dreamer is looking at in the dream.
• The reliability of the Dement and Kleitman study is high because it was a lab experiment.
• How did the study avoid demand characteristics?

  Participants were not told if they were in REM
• The study lacks ecological validity because sleeping in a lab connected to electrodes is unusual.
• The ability to dream is considered a product of nature, while dream content is influenced by nurture.
• What is the independent variable in the Dement and Kleitman study as shown in the image?

  Time into REM

  
• What does EEG measure in the Dement and Kleitman study?

  Brain activity during sleep
• EOG uses electrodes placed around the eye region to trace eye movements.
• REM sleep is associated with dreaming.
• What does NREM stand for in the context of sleep stages?

  Non-Rapid Eye Movement
• The general aim of the Dement and Kleitman study was to investigate the relationship between eye movements and dreaming.
• Dream recall is higher in REM sleep compared to NREM sleep.
• What type of correlation did the study investigate between estimated dream duration and REM period length?

  Positive correlation