STATISTICAL BIOLOGY

• Statistics are used in various courses.
• Statistics is an art and science that deals with the collection, organization, creative presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
• Statistics has the same meaning as the latin word datum which means a fact or information.
• Statistics helps people answer questions and make decisions about many things.
• In education, statistics can be used to asses students’ performance and correlate factors affecting teaching and learning processes to improve quality of education.
• In psychology, statistics is used to determine attitudinal patterns, the causes and effects of misbehaviour.
• In business and economics, statistics is used to analyze a wide range of data like sales, outputs, price indices, revenues, cost, inventories, accounts, and the like.
• Statistics is used in research and experimentation to validate or test a claim or inferences about a group of people or object, or a series of events.
• In the field of medicine, statistics is used to collect information about patients and diseases and to make decisions about the use of new drugs or treatment.
• Interval Scale refers to quantitative measurements in which lower and upper control limits are adapted to classify relative order and differences of item numbers or actual scores.
• Ordinal Scale classifies objects or individuals' responses according to degree or level, then each level is coded numerically.
• Ratio Scale takes into account the interval size and ratio of two related quantities, which are usually based on a standard measurement.
• Each property of scales of measurement can be described by answering the following questions:

  Order: does a larger number indicate a greater value than a smaller number?

  Differences: does subtracting two numbers represent some meaningful value?

  Ratio: does dividing(or taking the ratio of) two numbers represent some meaningful value?
• Nominal Scale classifies objects or people's responses so that all of those in a single category are equal with respect to some attributes and then each category is coded numerically.
• Scales of measurement refer to how the properties of numbers can change with different uses.
• Meteorologists use statistics to find patterns in the weather and make predictions about what future weather will be like.
• Two general types of statistics are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
• Descriptive statistics is concerned with the methods of collecting, organizing, and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or asses group characteristics.
• Variables are quantities that may take anyone of a specified set of values.
• Qualitative (categorical) variables are nonmeasurable characteristics that cannot assume a numerical value but can be classified into two or more categories.
• Data usually refers to facts concerning things such as status in life of people, defectiveness of objects or effect of an event to the society.
• Information is a set of data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for human interpretation, usually with the purpose of revealing trends or patterns about the population.
• Constants refer to the fundamental quantities that do not change in value.
• The process of using statistics always begins with a question.
• Discrete variables are a variable whose values can be counted using integral values, hence, they are represented by counting numbers or whole numbers.
• Inferential statistics is concerned with inferring or drawing conclusions about the population based from pre-selected elements of that population.
• Continuous variables are a variable that can assume any numerical value over an interval or intervals.
• Primary source from which a first-hand information is obtained usually by means of personal interview and actual observation.
• Qualitative data involve qualitative variables.
• Quantitative (numerical) variables are those quantities that can be counted with your bare hands, can be measured with the use of some measuring devices, or can be calculated with the use of a mathematical formula.