Ballistics

• Ballistics is Defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
• BALLO or BALLEIN is Greek word which means "to throw".
• Ballista old english ballistae
• BALLISTA old english BALLISTAE is a mid-18th century english word that came from the ROMANS about early 16th century. This was the description of CATAPULT or GIGANTIC BOW used by the romans to her large stone or arrows at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
• In the broadest sense ballistics refers to the study of projectiles, firearms and ammunitions including the characteristics of firearm that affect the way projectiles are fired.
• Technical sense ballistics is the science of projectiles in motion from the moment of firing until impact at the target. It covers the scientific study of the propulsion (driving force) flight and impact (destructive action) of projectiles.
• Branch of engineering, ballistics deals with the motion and behavior of projectiles such as bullets rockets bombs and guided missiles.
• Ordinarily, ballistics is concerned with projectiles fired from small arms and cannons, but it may be concerned also with the free flight of bombs and rockets.
• In police parlance, ballistics it is frequently used to firearms identification
• IBIS means integrated ballistics identification system. It is combination of person and a gun.
• Science is the systematized body of knowledge. Knowledge that governs by systematic procedure and there is steps by step procedure.
• Projectile refers to metallic or nonmetallic object such as bullet, slug, ball, pellet and flechette that passes through the barrel of a firearms.
• Forensic ballistics is the science of firearms identification by means of ammunition fired through them.
• Forensic it is applied to ballistics or to any other subjects in relationship to a court of justice and legal proceedings. Derived from the latin word currencies which means FOR that means a public or a market place wherein people gather for discussion of a subject in issues.
• Motions is the movement or action of projectiles launched from firearms.
• Kinds of motion, direct motion, rotary motion, translational motion.
• Direct motion is the forward movement of the projectile inside the gun barrel resulting from the expanding force of gases produced after combustion of the gunpowder.
• Rotary motion is the gyrating action, either right or left, inside or outside barrel with the action of the spiralling LANDS and GROVES known as RIFLING.
• Translational motion is the movement of projectiles after hitting the target and no rotation takes place such as bouncing of the bullet after hitting a resistance surface.
• Internal or interior ballistics it deals with the motion of a projectile while it is from breech to the muzzle of barrel.
• It is the study focus on what happens inside the gun during firing.
• Firing pin hits the primer. he firing pin should hit the primary in order to explode.
• The failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer is called MISFIRE
• The force that propels the bullet down the barrel is called recoil impulse.
• Defects in the firearm that cause to misfire: broken firing pin, loose firing pin, lacking length in the firing pin.
• Ignition of priming mixture. In order to ignite the priming mixture, it must be live and potent and must be devoid of any moisture. If the priming mixture explodes several seconds after the firing pin blow the primer the DELAY OF EXPLOSION known as HANGFIRE.
• Combustion of gunpowder. After the primer crushed, the priming mixture against the anvil there will be ignition of priming mixture and primer flash, ignited priming mixture enters the vent or canal and the primer flash ignites the gunpowder and combustion happens.
• Expansion of the heated gas in the chamber. The gas expands in different directions that tends the bullet and shell to separate. The shell due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the wall of the chamber by force. This causes CHAMBER MARKINGS causing individual characteristics.
• Individual characteristics found in the chamber or bore of the barrel of the firearms: irregularities, scratches, roughness, imperfection
• Irregularities created during the manufacture, like is spiral cutting of the grooves, the cutter's edge is not uniform.
• Scratches caused by the tools used in the manufacture of the chamber, and the metal chips removed from drilling operation.
• Roughness not polish very well, the enter length of the surface of the chamber or bore of the barrel.
• Imperfection this is beyond the control of man, like the accidental slope in making bore of the barrel, beyond the desire caliber cause by the drill blade.
• Pressure will be developed. When a heated gas created by the gunpowder is developed, what tremendous pressure in the chamber of the firearms. Assuming caliber .357, the chamber pressure is 46,000 per square inch (PSI). The impact between the base of the cartridge case and the breechface of the firearm will create marking called BREECHFACE MARK. Breechface is the portion of the breechblock exactly the same size with the base of the shell near the firing pin hole.
• Energy generated. Energy refers to the fatal equivalent of bullet compared to a pound that is drop from a certain height. Energy is compared to an MMA fighter with 135 kilos is dropped from 80 ft floor of the building, imagine the impact on the ground. In horizontal flight of bullet, most firearms have KNOCKING EFFECT that causes the person to be thrown on the ground or falls ground.
• RECOIL OF THE GUN. The recoil is the rear ward movement of the gun caused by equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion. The KINETIC ENERGY PRINCIPLE in every action, there is corresponding opposite reaction. The compensator or MUZZLE BRAKE gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil.
• VELOCITY OF THE BULLET IN THE BARREL. The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER inside the cartridge case. The BALLISTICS DATA is used to load the proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition. Assuming that caliber 357 is 1,775 ft per second while caliber 45 is 845 per second thus, caliber .357 is more powerful than caliber 45.
• ROTATION OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE BARREL. When the bullet is driven by the heated gas by tremendous pressure towards the muzzle end, the bullet will rotate following the riflings inside the gun barrel. The GYROSCOPIC STABILITY is the stability of the bullet within the effective range due to the twist of the riflings. This happens only to RIFLED-BORE BARRELS. In SMOOTH - BORE BARRELS, the bullet will just move forward with no stability.
• ENGRAVING OF THE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF BULLET. The lands and grooves, starting from the breech end up to the muzzle end of the barrel, will engraved in the body of the bullet, depending on the number of lands and grooves as part of the class characteristics of firearm. The METAL FOWLING is a steel brush to remove the metal left in the barrel and a lubricant substance called GRAPHITE will spread and eventually prevent adherence of metal inside the barrel.
• EXTERIOR OR EXTERNAL BALLISTICS. Is the study of the motion and traits of projectiles, after it has left from the muzzle of the gun, which includes the condition of the bullets movement, and flight up to the target.