NCOMAP

• Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease that affects the myelin sheath.
• The myelin sheath conducts fast impulses.
• Dendrites are extensions towards the cell body.
• Axons are extensions away from the cell body.
• The manifestation of multiple sclerosis can include weakness, fatigue, respiratory infection, paresthesia (tingling sensation), dysesthesia (pinprick sensation), and Lhermitte’s Sign (electric/shock like sensation when the head is bent).
• The anterior horn of multiple sclerosis is motor.
• The posterior horn of multiple sclerosis is sensory.
• Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis can be triggered by stress, injury, fatigue, hot tub, dehydration, and heat sensitivity.
• Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis can be done through an electroencephalogram, which affects white matter, and a white matter MRI, which is done on the brain’s central portion.
• Cerebrovascular accident/stroke is a medical emergency and can lead to permanent disability or death.
• The manifestations of viral meningitis include fever, nuchal rigidity, Kernig’s sign, Brudzinski sign, photophobia, and vomiting.
• Diagnostic tests for viral meningitis include CT-scan before proceeding to Lumbar puncture to rule out brain herniation and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis (CSF) to check for increased WBC and glucose.
• Viral meningitis is aseptic and is caused by Nisseria Meningitidis.
• Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by ruptured aneurysm, often due to chronic hypertension.
• Ischemic stroke is caused by thrombus and emboli, with emboli being mobile and can be fat (fracture), air (fluids), or blood.
• The brainstem consists of the Midbrain, Pons which is responsible for respiration, and the Medulla Oblongata which is responsible for sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing.
• Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) is 5 to 15 mmHg or 7-15 mmHg.
• Craniotomy is a procedure that involves making a hole in the skull.
• Left sided damage from arteriovenous malformation will manifest in the right side.
• Passive range of motion should be done immediately after hospitalisation (acute phase) in anterior cord syndrome.
• Glioblastoma is a tumor in the brain that can be dangerous and fatal.
• Eat vegetable taco salad, sponge cake, sliced tomato.
• Botulism can be contracted via contaminated canned goods and its nervous system manifestation occurs between 2 to 4 days.
• Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive) is characterized by fluent speech.
• Subdural hematoma occurs within 48 hours and is located below the dura mater.
• The mnemonic for remembering the spinal cord levels is: Breakfast by 8 (bones – 7), Lunch by 12, Dinner by 5, Snack by 5, Midnight snack by 1.
• Arteriovenous malformation can present as spaghetti like or tangled arrays and is characterized by vein and artery connections, with capillaries missing.
• Seizures can present as focal (one part of hemisphere) or general (both hemispheres are affected), and can be of the tonic clonic or absence type.
• Global aphasia is characterized by mixed aphasia.
• Decussation refers to the crossing of pathways.
• Spinal cord injury can lead to autonomic dysreflexia, distended bladder, and signs of neurogenic shock.
• Propoxyphene is used to decrease the respiratory rate in spinal cord injury.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome is a demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves) and can present as ascending paralysis, motor only affection without sensory loss, Miller-Fisher syndrome, or bulbar paralysis.
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive disease that can lead to death in 2 to 6 years.
• Hypertension is a contributing factor in arteriovenous malformation.
• Spinal cord trauma patients should not be fed for 2 days after the trauma.
• Anterior cord syndrome is characterized by hypesthesia, decreased pain, and loss of temperature below the level of the injury.
• Broca’s aphasia (expressive) is characterized by non-fluent speech.
• Risk of respiratory infection is associated with craniotomy.
• Mannitol (Osmotrol) is an osmotic diuretic, and its manifestation includes hypercalcemia, which can be identified as a 3.5 less inverted T-wave.