[11] PR1 - Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research

• Characteristics of Research

  1. Systematic
  2. Objective
  3. Feasible
  4. Empirical
  5. Clear
• Characteristics of a Good Researcher

  • Research-oriented
  • Efficient
  • Scientific
  • Effective
  • Active
  • Resourceful
  • Creative
  • Honest
  • Economical
  • Reliable
• Research Process - systematic manner in which researcher approaches their area of study to produce knowledge that community will consider to be worthwhile within the field
• Phases of Research Process

  • Conceptual Phase
  • Design and Planning Phase
  • Empirical Phase
  • Analytic Phase
  • Dissemination Phase
• Conceptual Phase - identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating hypothesis, developing research framework, determining research purpose and objective; Chapter 1 and 2
• Design and Planning Phase - selecting a research design, developing study procedures; Chapter 3
• Empirical Phase - collecting data and preparing data for analysis; Chapter 4
• Analytic Phase - analyzing data, interpreting the results, making conclusions; Chapter 4
• Dissemination Phase - communicating results to appropriate audience, and utilizing the findings; Chapter 5
• Steps of Research Process

  1. Define the research problem
  2. Review the literature
  3. Formulate hypothesis
  4. Prepare the research design
  5. Collect data
  6. Analyze data
  7. Interpret and report the findings
• Research Ethics - analysis of ethical issues that involve people as participants in research; guidelines for the responsible conduct of research
• Honesty - data should not be faked
• Objectivity - avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation expert testimony and other aspects of research
• Integrity - keep your promises and agreements
• Carefulness - avoid careless errors and negligence
• Openness - be open to criticism and new ideas
• Confidentiality - protect confidential information
• Non-Discrimination - avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, and or others
• Rights of Research Participants

  1. Voluntary Participation
  2. Informed Consent
  3. Risk of Harm
  4. Confidentiality
  5. Anonymity
• Ethical Principles

  1. Minimizing risk of harm
  2. Obtaining informed consent
  3. Protecting anonymity and confidentiality
  4. Avoiding deceptive practices
  5. Providing the right to withdraw