Mitosis and meiosis

• Mitosis: a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Meiosis: a type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell
• Metaphase: The second stage of mitosis, where chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Prophase: The first stage of mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers begin forming, and chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
• Cytokinesis: the process by which cytoplasm divides to form new cells during mitotic or meiotic cell divisions.
• Anaphase: The third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase: The fourth stage of mitosis, where new nuclear envelopes form around the separated sets of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
• Anaphase: The third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase: The fourth and final stage of mitosis, where new nuclei form at either end of the dividing cell, and the cytoplasm divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
• The stages of mitosis include interphase (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Mitosis is an important process in eukaryotes as it allows for growth, repair, and reproduction through the production of identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The stages of meiosis include prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis (meiosis I), prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis (meiosis II).
• During mitosis, DNA replication occurs during the S phase, resulting in two copies of each chromosome called sister chromatids joined together at their centromeres.
• Chromosome: A structure made up of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information in eukaryotic organisms.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically diverse haploid cells from one diploid parental cell.
• During interphase, DNA replicates and proteins are synthesized.
• Metaphase I involves the alignment of paired chromosomes along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Anaphase I involves the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes and their migration towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Prophase I involves the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, the formation of bivalents by pairing homologous chromosomes, and the movement of chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
• Metaphase I: The second stage of meiosis where homologous pairs of chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers and aligned along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Prophase I: The first stage of meiosis where homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Anaphase II: The fourth stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase I involves the completion of nuclear envelope formation around the separated sets of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
• Telophase I results in the formation of two daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes compared to the original cell.
• Telophase II: The final stage of meiosis where new daughter nuclei form at each pole of the cell, and cytokinesis occurs to divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
• The process of meiosis includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, interkinesis (not shown), prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
• Interphase involves three stages: G1, S and G2
• Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth)
• Initially in G1 phase, the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles
• In S phase, DNA replication takes place, resulting in the formation of sister chromatids that are joined together at their centromeres
• G2 Phase - Cell continues growing and preparing for mitotic division