fitness and body systems

• What are the main functions of the skeleton in sport?

  • protection of vital organs
  • muscle attachment
  • joins for movement
  • stores calcium and phosphorus
  • red and white blood cell production
• Antagonistic pairs


  Pairs of muscles where one muscle contracts and the other relaxes to cause movement.
• Deltoid


  Abducts the upper arm from the body - e.g. serve in tennis
• trapezius


  Rotates the shoulder blades backwards - e.g. rowing
• lattisimus dorsi


  Rotates upper arm at the shoulder- e.g. swimming butterfly.
• pectorals


  Adduction of arm- e.g. swimming front crawl
• abdominals


  Flexion and rotation of trunk - e.g. rowing
• biceps and triceps


  Flexion of arm at the elbow - e.g. bending the arm to throw a cricket ball.

  Extension of the arm at the elbow - e.g. straightening the arm...
• gluteal muscles


  Extension of the upper leg - e.g. running + maintaining good posture.
• quadriceps


  Extension of the leg at the knee - e.g. kicking a football
• hamstrings

  Flexion of the leg at the knee - e.g. sprinting when the leg bends.
• gastrocnemius


  Plantar flexion of the foot - e.g. running: pushing onto the toes.
• Isometric contractions


  Muscle contraction that does not result in movement. muscle increases in tension but the length does not alter. - e.g. plank, handstand.
• Isotonic contractions


  Muscle contraction that results in limb movement.
• Muscular hypertrophy


  An increase in muscle size. After exercise small muscle fibres are broken. during allocated times for rest and recovery they repair and become stronger.
• Muscle atrophy


  Opposite of muscle hypertrophy. stopping training results in a loss of muscle mass and strength.
• Warm-up


  Raises the heart rate and increases the temperature in the muscle. stretching muscle reduces the risk of injury.
• Cool-down


  Disperses the lactic acid from the muscles.
• Soft tissue injuries


  Tears, pulls and strains. Small muscle fibres are torn from a tendon.
• RICE


  Treatment for muscular injuries. Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.