Transport in animals- bio

Created by

Jennifer Utama

Cards (25)

Function of plasma:
Transports:
Blood cells and ions
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids from small intestine
Metabolic waste products to kidney
Hormones from endocrine glands
Carbon dioxide to lungs for removal
Structure of red blood cells:
Biconcaved shape
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin
Flexible
Functions of red blood cells:
Transport oxygen from the lungs
Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio and increases the absorption and release of oxygen
No nucleus means there is more space for more haemoglobin to be stored
Flexibility allows it to flow easily through blood capillaries
Phagocytes:
Phagocytes can engulf and destroy foreign particles like bacteria
Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys foreign particles like bacteria
Lymphocytes:
Lymphocytes produce antibodies that
destroy disease-causing organisms like bacteria and viruses
cause bacteria to clump together for easy ingestion by phagocytes
bind to toxins produced by bacteria, making them harmless
Blood clotting (by platelets):
When the skin is cut, the damaged platelets release an enzyme
This enzyme activates the production of another enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin thread
The fibrin thread form a mesh that entangles the red blood cells to form a clot
The clot seals up the wound, preventing excessive loss of blood and preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
Valves prevent backflow of blood and keep the blood flowing in one direction.
Arteries:
The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Away from the heart
Blood is rich in oxygen (except pulmonary artery)
Narrow lumen
Thicker, more muscular wall
No valves
Vein:
Into the heart
Blood is poor in oxygen (except pulmonary vein)
Wider lumen
Thinner, less muscular wall
Valves present to prevent backflow
Tissue fluid:
Tiny spaces between tissue cells contain a colourless liquid
Dissolved food substances and oxygen diffuse from the blood in capillaries into the tissue fluid and then into the cells
Metabolic waste products diffuse from the cells into the tissue fluid and then through the blood capillary walls into the blood
Capillaries:
Link arteries to veins
Blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated
Wider lumen
One cell thick walls
No valves
Single circulation of fish:
From the heart, arteries carry the blood to the gills where the blood takes up oxygen
The arteries that leave the gills carry oxygenated blood to the body
The veins collect blood from the capillaries around the body cells
By the time the blood enters the veins, it is deoxygenated
The veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation:
Blood flows from the main circulation of the body to the heart
It then flows to the lungs and back to the heart
From the heart, the pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the lungs
Oxygenated blood is returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation:
The circulation of blood around the body
Oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart through the arteries
Veins carry the blood from all parts of the body back to the right side of the heart
Advantages of a double circulation:
Blood entering the lungs is at a lower pressure compared to blood leaving the heart. This ensures that the blood flows more slowly through the lungs, allowing sufficient time for the blood to be well oxygenated before it is returned to the heart
The heart pumps oxygenated blood at high pressure to the rest of the body so oxygenated blood is distributed to the body tissues more quickly. This helps to maintain the high metabolic rate
A four chambered heart ensures that oxygenated blood is separated from deoxygenated blood
Atria:
Have thinner muscular walls than the ventricles
This is because the atria only force blood into ventricles that lie directly below them and this does not require high pressure
Ventricle:
The ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the atria
This is because the ventricle have to pump blood to the body
The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle
This is because the left ventricle has to pump blood around the body, this requires high pressure
The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs, which are close to the heart
Septum:
The septum prevents the mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side with the oxygenated blood in the left side
If mixed, the amount of oxygen carried to the tissue cells is reduced
Path of blood:
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Semilunar valve
Aorta
Body
Vena Cava
A person’s blood pressure can be measured by an instrument called a sphygmomanometer
One way to monitor the activity of the heart is to perform an electrocardiogram
Main arteries of the body:
Leaving the heart:
Pulmonary arteries from right ventricle
Aorta from the left ventricle
From aorta:
Arteries to the head, neck and arms
Hepatic artery to the liver
Renal arteries, one to each kidney
Main veins of the body:
Blood is returned to the heart by the main veins:
Pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium of heart
Superior vena cava returns blood from the head, neck and arms to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava runs upwards, parallel to the aorta and bring blood to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava collects blood from various veins from the lower parts of the body
Renal vein bringing blood from the kidneys
Hepatic vein bringing blood from the liver
Coronary heart disease:
Fatty substances such as cholesterol and saturated fats is deposited on the inner surface of coronary arteries
This narrows the lumen of arteries and increases the blood pressure within them
This increases the risk of a blood clot being trapped in the artery, which is called a thrombus
Risk factors for heart disease:
Smoking
Unhealthy diet
Stress
Lack of exercise
Gender
Genetic factors
Age