Lingua Inglese I

• In the period between the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 and the reign of Queen Elizabeth II 21st century, the number of speakers of English increased.
• English is spoken in 75 territories
• ESL speakers have English serving country internal functions
• EFL speakers never had English as a colonial language or any official function of it within their own country
• EFL is used alongside the terms of ELF or EIL
• ELF speakers are from Europe, China and Brazil
• ELF speakers use English as a contact language among themselves
• 1st diaspora: migration of people from England, Scotland and Ireland to North America, Australia and New Zeland
• The earliest expedition was in 1584 by Walter Raleigh
• The 3 expeditions happened in 1584, 1607 and 1620
• In the 18th century people from North Ireland move to Philadelphia
• The Declaration of the American Indipendence happened in 1776. Many Loyalist left for Canda
• From 1770 to 1852 many convicts were transported to Australia from Britain and Ireland
• New Zeland was first settled by Europeans traders in the 1790s
• South Africa was colonised by the Dutch in 1650
• English became the official language in 1822
• The second diaspora was during the 18th and 19th century
• West Africa is liked to the slave trade, pidgin and creole languages and English as ELF or ESL
• Six East African countries achieved independence in the 1960s
• East Africa is linked to famous expeditions, British protectorates and English as the official language
• The Maculay Minute developed in 1835
• The East India Company was formed in 1600s
• The British influence involved Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Philippines
• Stamford Raffles played an important role in the founding of Singapore as part of the British colonial empire
• The Philippines gained independence in 1946
• The Netherlands and Scandinavian speak EFL or ELF
• The oldest model of the spread of English was from Strevens in 1980
• Kachru, MacArthur, and Gorlach proposed circle models of English
• Kachru's model represents the types of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional allocation of English in diverse cultural contexts
• MacArthur's model is based on the geographical distribution of speakers of English around the world
• Gorlach's model focuses on the historical development of English
• Haugen states that the process of intervention by society undergoes 4 stages: selection, codification, elaboration of function and acceptance
• Members of the Inner Circle: Australia, New Zeland, North America and South Africa
• Members of the Outer Circle: Philippines, India, Nigerian and Singapore
• The main levels on which the Englishes of the two diasporas differ from the English of Britain are: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary/idiom, and discourse style
• Wardhaugh states: A pidgin is a language with no native speakers. It is no one’s first language but is a contact language
• The two legacies of Colonialism are: the denigrating of colonized people and their loss of identity