B5: Homeostasis [𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝟐]

Created by

Sophie Taylor-te Vruchte

Cards (73)

[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] What is the role of adrenaline?
It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for 'flight or fight'.
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] What is the role of thyroxine?
It stimulates the basal metabolic rate.
It plays an important role in growth and development.
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] Describe the steps in In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment.
• IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs.
• The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory.
• The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
• At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother's uterus (womb).
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] What are some disadvantages of hormonal fertility treatments?
• it is very emotionally and physically stressful
• the success rates are not high
• it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother.
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] Give two ways that hormones are used to treat infertility
Fertility drugs, and IVF
What does sterilisation involve? 
The falllopian tubes (which connect the ovaries to the uterus) or the sperm duct (the tube between the testes and penis) are cut or tied
How do surgical methods control fertility?
they prevent the sperm reaching an egg by removing tubes in the reproductive systems
How does abstaining from intercourse control fertility?
this tries to make sure there are no sperm in the female reproductive system when an egg may be in the oviduct
How do spermicidal agents control fertility?
they kill or disable sperm
How do intrauterine devices control fertility?
they prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone
How do barrier methods control fertility?
they prevent the sperm reaching an egg
How do injections, implants or skin patches control fertility?
they slowly release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years
How do oral contraceptives control fertility?
they contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
List barrier methods of contraception.
Condoms
Diaphragms
List hormonal methods of contraception.
Oral contraceptive pills
Patch
Implant
Injection
The IUD (intrauterine device, or the coil)
What is contraception?
hormonal and non-hormonal methods of controlling fertility
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] How does progesterone interact with FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?
Inhibits release of both LH and FSH.
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] How does oestrogen interact with FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulates release of LH.
Inhibits release of FSH.
Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What is the function of LH? 
stimulates the release of an egg
What is the function of FSH?
causes maturation of an egg in the ovary
How many days long is the menstrual cycle (usually)?
28
What do FSH and LH stand for?
Follicle-stimulating hormone.
Luteinising hormone.
What four hormones control the menstrual cycle?
FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone.
Where is testosterone produced?
In the testes
Where is oestrogen produced?
In the ovaries
What is the main role of testosterone?
it stimulates sperm production
What are the main male and female reproductive hormones?
Male: testosterone
Female: oestrogen
(Oestrogen and testosterone are produced by both sexes).
What happens at puberty?
reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] What is negative feedback?
Receptors detect stimuli, like levels of a hormone being to high.
The coordination centre organises a response and the effector produces a response which counteracts the change.
The optimum level is restored.
[𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫] What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?
the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
Which type of diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?
Type 2 diabetes
How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?
A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime
What is type 2 diabetes?
the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas
How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated?
with insulin injections
What is type 1 diabetes?
the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, so blood glucose can reach dangerously high levels
What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?
the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
In liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
What is carbohydrate broken down into?
Glucose
Where is blood glucose concentration monitored?
In the pancreas
Where are the testes?
In the scrotum.