Rio de Janerio

• More people move to urban areas (60% HICS 50% LICS) due to industrialisation and opportunities
• Push factors: fewer services, isolation, limited opportunities, natural disasters
• Pull factors: opportunities, social, jobs/education, better quality of life
• Natural increase is when the BR is higher than DR - higher in LICs as there are fewer old people and therefore a lower death rate
• Megacities have a population of 10 mil+ and there are projected to be 50 by 2050
• Social opportunities: health, education, water and energy

  6 hospitals, 90%+ aged 10+ can read and write, largest water treatment works in the world, x3 % of population have energy/electricity
• Growth caused by natural increase and urbanisation. More people come due to increasing economic activities (e.g Jaguar Land Rover - US and UK highly skilled workers, $240mil - who also have an education paln for children 5-18 for future employment). Language links with Portugal and tourists at Guanabara and Ipanema.
• Social challenges: crime, health, energy and water

  violence and gang controlled favelas, only 74% preg. women get help, illegal connections/blackouts, 12% no access to running water
• Economic challenges: unemployment, education

  20% in favelas, informal econonmy (less htan $75/month), tax issues, poorly skilled workers, only 50% continue post 14 - risk gang involvement
• Environmental challenges: traffic, water & waste pollution

  limited roads and mountains, 200 tonnes raw sewage in Guanabara/day, open sewers = cholera, difficult to collect waste on favela hills
• Location and importance: 6.5mil pop, Atlantic coast, jobs for surrounding pop, culture capital, 2nd most important industrial centre, JLR employment, Christ the Redeemer, WC and Olympics, sugar iron and coffee exports from main port
• Economic opportunities: transport, services, environment, employmemt

  ports of sugar iron and coffee, improved links, tourism in guanabara and ipanema, improved sanitation in favelas, more money on waste and sewage (12 sewage works), formal employment opp.
• Solutions created by challenges include the UPP in 2013, medical kits to homes (20 diseases), 7 new treatment plants (95% now have mains access), 12 nw sewage works, JLR education opp.
• Rochina is the largest favela in rio with a population of 225000, it wasnt acknowledged by the goverment until 1980s and has recently undergone improvements but still suffers with a growing population, crime and lack of basic services
• Self help is a scheme in Rocinha with helps locals to improve their environment with raw materials from the governement. In Rocinha, this has meant a McDonalds and private uni, TVs and fridges for houses, running water and sewage works. 90% of the houses are brick made.
• Site & service is a scheme in Complexo du Alemao with involves improving an area with safety first, then services and improved infrastructure. There has recently been a 3.5km long cable car installed with a free return ticket for residents each day, UPP has been set up and roads are formal for better waste collection.