Bio exam

• Polarity allows molecules to form hydrogen bonds when oppositely charged regions of two molecules interact
• Cohesion?

  molecules of same type forming hydrogen bonds
• Adhesion?

  different types of molecules forming hydrogen bonds with each other
• Carbon is used to build all macromolecules, store energy and form cells
• Nitrogen is used to build proteins and nucleic acid
• Phosphorus is used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids
• All monomers contain carbon and are used to build biological macromolecules
• Covalent bonds are used to connect monomers
• Dehydration synthesis reactions are used to create biological macromolecules and water is an additional product
• Hydrolysis reactions use water to break down biological macromolecules
• what is located on the 3 prime end?

  hydroxyl
• what is located on the 5 prime end?

  phosphate
• R group properties determine how amino acids interact within polypeptide and determine the structure and function of the protein
• Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules and difference in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids
• Phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules and non-polar regions
• DNA is an antiparallel double helix with 5 prime and 3 prime ends
• A-T has?

  2 bonds and more infections
• G-C has?

  3 hydrogen bonds
• nucleotides are added to?

  3 prime end
• Changes in the linear sequence of the nucleotide bases may lead to differences in the encoded biological info or the structural stability of the molecule
• amino acids have a?

  amino end and a carboxyl end (COOH)
• Amino acids are added to the?

  carboxyl end of growing peptide chain
• 4 protein structures?

  primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
• Change in an amino acid subunit at the primary level may lead to a change in the structure and function of the protein
• nucleotide contains?

  phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base
• smalles subunit?

  nucleotide
• RNA has a?

  ribose sugar and uracil base
• DNA has a?

  deoxyribose sugar and thymine base
• how do cells communicate?

  through direct contact with other cells (physical contact)
• some unicellular organisms live in colonies
• cells can send chemical signals directly into adjacent cells
• cell membrane and cell wall modifications allow for communication to occur between cells
• cells use chemical signals to communicate over short and long distances
• the cell receiving the signal is referred to as the target cell
• short distance communication?

  cell send out local regulators(signals), target cell is within a short distance of the signal (local signaling) and often is used to communicate with cells of the same type
• long distance communication?

  target cell is not in the same area as the cell emitting the signal, signal travels a long distance to reach target cell and often used to signal cells of another type
• 3 stages of cell communication are?

  reception, transduction and response
• cell communication reception?

  detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell
• cell communication transduction?

  converts signal to a form that can bring about cellular response
• cell communication response?

  specific cellular response to the signal molecule