Module 3: the diversity of life

• Define hybrid breakdown

  offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile
• Define hybrid sterility

  hybrid fails to produce functional gametes
• Define hybrid inviability

  zygotes fail to develop or reach sexual maturity
• What are the types of postzygotic barriers

  hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown
• Define gamete isolation

  male and female gametes die before uniting or cannot unite
• Define mechanical isolation

  structural differences between species prevent mating
• Define behavioural isolation

  thee is little to no sexual attraction between males and females of different species due to behaviour
• Define temporal isolation

  species have different mating or maturation seasons that prevent them from breeding
• Define habitat isolation

  species occupy different habitats and therefore cannot contact each other to breed, even if the offspring would be viable
• What are the types of prezygotic barriers?

  habitat isolation, behavioural isolation, and temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, and gamete isolation
• Define postzygotic reproduction barriers

  prevent the development of viable adults
• Define prezygotic reproduction barries

  prevent mating or fertilization
• What types of barriers prevent reproduction?

  prezygotic and postzygotic
• What is the biological species concept?

  a species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population who's individuals are reproductively isolated from other groups
• Who came up with the biological species concept?

  Ernest Mayr
• Define the ecological species concept

  species that do not produce sexually can be categorized based on their ecological niches, focussing on specific adaptations and roles
• Who proposed the idea that species were reproductively isolated?

  Theodosius Dobzansky
• Define the morphological species concept

  identify and distinguish species using morphological features ( outwards appearance and internal form and structure )
• Define species

  organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Define lecotypes

  designated specimen after a holotype is lost
• Define paratype

  specimens of the type series other than the holotype
• Define allotype

  a specimen of the opposite sex to a holotype
• Define holotype

  a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based.
• Define the law of priority

  if a genus or species as been given two names, only the earlier one is valid
• How are changes to the name for a species noted?

  the first person to identify the species is always credited, if the name is altered brackets are added
• What are the rules of binomial nomenclature?

  each organism has only one name, and no two kinds of organisms can have the same name
• What are the components of a name in binomial nomenclature?

  the generic or genus name, and the species epithet
• Define binomial nomenculture

  the system used to name organisms
• Who came up with binomial nomenclature?

  Carolus Linnaeus
• What separates bacteria and archea?

  Archaea lack peptidogycans in their cell walls, as well as having branched esters in their membranes
• Who divided organisms into 3 domains including two for prokaryotes and one for eukaryotes?

  Carle Woese
• Who is credited with classifying most organisms and coming up with the first version of the modern naming system?

  Carolus Linnaeus
• Who was the first person to try to classify living organisms

  Aristotle
• Define phylogenetics

  the study of the history or relationships of evolution and organisms
• Define nomenclature

  the process that produces scientific names to provide a common ground for communication
• Define taxonomy

  theory and practice of classifying organisms into taxa within a hierarchy
• What are the sub disciplines of systematics?

  taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogenetics
• Define systemtics

  the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them
• Define genetic diversity

  the total amount of genetic variability present
• Define species diversity

  the number of species and the number of individuals of each species present