Principles of management

• The scientific management theory promotes the use of scientific methods to determine the best way for employees to perform their jobs.
• The bureaucratic theory emphasizes rules, procedures, hierarchy, stability, and centralized authority to coordinate group activities.
• McGregor's Theory Z suggests that Japanese workers are highly motivated by group goals rather than individual rewards.
• Theory Y assumes that people have an innate desire to work, will exercise self-control and accept responsibility if they know what is expected of them, and want achievement, recognition, and growth on the job.
• Theory X assumes that people are inherently lazy, dislike work, need to be coerced or threatened with punishment to get them to work.
• The administrative theory focuses on creating organizational structures with defined roles and responsibilities to achieve goals in an efficient manner.
• Organizing involves arranging resources and tasks in a structured manner to achieve organizational objectives.
• Leading involves guiding and motivating employees to work towards the achievement of organizational goals.
• Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who developed the principles of scientific management.
• Scientific management is based on the idea that there is one best way to do every job, which can be determined through careful analysis and measurement.
• Taylor's approach involved breaking down tasks into smaller components and analyzing them to find the most efficient method.
• Human relations theory focuses on interpersonal relationships among workers and managers, recognizing that people are motivated by social needs as well as economic ones.
• Contingency theories suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to managing people; instead, different approaches may be more effective under certain circumstances or conditions.
• Behavioral science has contributed significantly to our understanding of human behavior at work.
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory that states individuals have five basic needs arranged hierarchically from physiological to self-actualization.
• Human relations approach focuses on interpersonal relationships between managers and subordinates, recognizing that human beings respond differently from machines.
• Human relations approach focuses on interpersonal relationships between managers and subordinates, recognizing that human beings respond differently from machines or animals.
• McGregor's Theory X assumes that most employees dislike work and will avoid it if possible, while Theory Y suggests that most employees enjoy working and will do so without close supervision.
• The Hawthorne Studies investigated how environmental factors such as lighting levels affected worker productivity.
• Fiedler's Contingency Model proposes three leadership styles based on situational variables such as leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.
• The Hawthorne Studies were conducted in the early 1900s to investigate how environmental factors affect worker productivity.