Chemistry

• Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms in a chemical reaction.
• Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.
• A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor basic).
• An alkaline solution has a pH above 7.
• Weak acids only partially dissociate into H+ ions when they are dissolved in water.
• Strong acids completely dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) when they are dissolved in water.
• Strong acids completely dissociate into H+ ions when they are dissolved in water.
• Indicators such as phenolphthalein turn pink at high pH levels and red at low pH levels.
• The concentration of an acid can be measured using a pH meter or universal indicator paper.
• A weak base is a substance that only partly ionizes to produce OH- ions when it reacts with water.
• Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• The haber Process is the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen with oxygen to produce ammonia