crim ac 1.1

• statutory interpretation 


  a judge has to determine the meaning of a law when there is an issue
• literal rule + case?

  takes the plain and simple meaning of a word/term/phrase

  fisher v bell
• golden rule + case?

  used when the literal rule creates an absurdity to solve it

  adler v george
• mischief rule + case?

  used when there is mischief created - an issue - to determine the intention of an act

  smith v hughes
• purposive approach 


  judge determines the purpose of an act

  r v z
• intrinsic aids


  sources inside the act e.g rules of language
• ejusdem generis

  ’others’ must be of the same type

  powell v kempton
• expressio rule


  judges won’t add words to a closed list

  tempest v kilner
• noscitur a sociis

  other words in the phrase can help determine the meaning

  foster v diphwys
• extrinsic aids


  sources outside the act e.g other acts, dictionary, hansard
• hansard


  record of speeches made in parliament

  use authorised in pepper v hart