Topic 1

• Axial skeleton:

  • 80 bones
  • Made up of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
  • Consists of cervical (7 bones), thoracic (12 bones), lumbar (5 bones), sacral (5 bones fused as 1), coccyx (4 bones fused as 1)
• Appendicular skeleton:

  • 126 bones
  • Consists of upper and lower extremities, pelvic bone (except sacrum), and shoulder girdle
  • Includes pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
• Function of Axial skeleton:

  • Protection of vital organs like the skull, heart, and digestive system
  • Support and maintenance of posture/structure
  • Attachment points for muscles/movement
  • Storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorus
  • Responsible for the upright position of the human body
  • Transmits weight from head, trunk, and upper extremities down to lower extremities at hip joints
  • Blood cell production
• Function of Appendicular skeleton:

  • Provides attachment for muscles enabling movement
  • Provides levers for movement
  • Provides protection
  • Storage and release of minerals like calcium
  • Attachment of ligaments and muscles allowing for large movements
  • Main function of the femur is movement of the body
• Types of bones:

  • Long bones (e.g., femur, ulna, phalanges)
  • Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
  • Flat bones (e.g., sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis)
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
• Structure of a long bone:

  • Epiphysis (distal and proximal)
  • Spongy bone
  • Articular cartilage
  • Diaphysis
  • Compact bone
  • Bone marrow (yellow and red)
  • Marrow cavity
  • Blood vessel
  • Periosteum
• Anatomical terminology for bones:

  • Inferior, superior, proximal, distal, medial, lateral, posterior, anterior
• Functions of connective tissue:

  • Cartilage: joins bone to bone, prevents friction, provides support
  • Ligament: attaches bone to bone, provides stability, reinforces joints
  • Tendon: attaches skeletal muscle to bone, enables movement, transmits force
• Definition of a joint:

  • Occurs where two or more bones articulate
• Types of joints:

  • Fibrous joints (e.g., bones of the cranium)
  • Cartilaginous joints (e.g., intervertebral disc)
  • Synovial joints (e.g., hip, shoulder, knee)
• Features of a synovial joint:

  • Articular cartilage
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Bursae
  • Meniscus
  • Ligaments
  • Joint cavity
  • Articular capsule
• Types of synovial joints:

  • Hinge joint (e.g., knee, elbow)
  • Ball and socket joint (e.g., hip, shoulder)
  • Condyloid joint (e.g., knuckles, wrist)
  • Pivot joint (e.g., spine, skull, elbow)
  • Gliding joint (e.g., tarsal, carpal bones)
  • Saddle joint (e.g., base of thumb)
• Characteristics of muscle tissue:

  • Contractility, extensibility, elasticity, atrophy, hypertrophy, controlled by nerve stimuli, fed by capillaries
• Types of muscles:

  • Skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated)
  • Cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated, single nucleus)
  • Smooth muscle (involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus)
• Structure of skeletal muscle:

  • Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
  • Muscle fibre, myofibril, sarcomere
  • Actin, myosin
• Definition of origin and insertion of muscles:

  • Origin: attachment to a stationary bone
  • Insertion: attachment to a movable bone
• Location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body
• NOTE* sartorius is the longest muscle in the body

  NOTE* gastrocnemius is higher than the soleus