ANPH111

• 3 Major parts of the cell : Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane or Plasma membrane
• Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• Cell membrane - Also called the plasma membrane. It regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
• Cytoplasm is a gelatinous liquid that fill the inside of a cell.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
• CISTERNAE: ENTRY FACE – accepts proteins from ER MEDIAL CISTERNAE – form glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins EXIT FACE – modifies molecules, sorts then packages them for transpor
• MITOCHONDRION center for cellular respiration, converts chemical energy into kinetic energy, the power house of the cell
• What is the powerhouse of the cell?

  Mitochondria
• LYSOSOME - Digests contents of endosomes, pinocytic vesicles and phagosomes then into cytosol. Autolysis (digests the entire cell)
• RIBOSOME is a Protein Synthesis
• Which part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis?

  Ribosomes
• Which part of the cell is responsible for autolysis?

  Ribosomes
• Stages of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Which phase is the longest?

  Anaphase
• Which phase is the shortest?

  Interphase
• Two fluid compartments


  Intracellular fluid, Extracellular fluid
• inside the cell and sample substances that can be found are enzymes, glycogen and potassium ions

  Intracellular fluid
• outside the cell

  Extracellular fluid
• Interstitial fluids – fluids between cell within tissue
• Plasma – fluid within a blood vessel
• Lymph – fluid within lymphatic vessel
• Cerebrospinal fluid – fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord
• 3 main passive method

  Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis
• Is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient.

  Diffusion
• Diffusion of water across the cell’s plasma membrane is called OSMOSIS
• a passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration by means of a carrier molecule.

  Facilitated Diffusion
• Active Transport - A process where substances move against their concentration gradients with energy input.
• Types Of Tissue

  Epithelial Tissues, Connective Tissues, Muscular Tissues, Nervous Tissues
• Mostly composed of cells with very little extracellular matrix between them . Covers body surfaces . Distinct cell surfaces : apical/free surface, lateral surface, basal surface . Cells rest on a basement membrane . Avascular. Cell and cell matrix connections . Capable of regeneration

  Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial Tissues Function

  • Protection • Barrier • boundary layer which controls the movement of substances between the external and internal environment - permits passage of substances ( O2, CO2 ) • absorption of substances • secretion of substances
• CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF COVERING EPITHELIUM

  Based on : Number of layers and Shape of the cells on the free surface
• According to the shape of the cells on the free surface

  • Squamous • Columnar • Cuboidal • Transitional
• According to the number of layers of cells

  • Simple • Stratified • Pseudostratified
• single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells, the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat.

  Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Function: Diffusion, Filtration, some secretion, and some protection against Friction


  Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Simple Squamous Epithelium Location:

  Lining of blood vessels, and the heart, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membranes of body cavities.
• Single layer of cube shapes cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or Cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

  Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function:

  secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location

  kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lung, and surfaces of the ovaries.