human resorce

• Population may be defined as the total number of persons inhabiting a country, city, or any specified geographical area at any one time
• The study of populations is known as demography
• The human population acts as an economic resource because individuals can use their abilities, skills, and energies to contribute through physical or creative work, invent new technologies, create new products, develop human resources, and raise a new generation
• The composition of a population includes individual attributes such as sex/gender, age, religion, marital status, education, occupation, and ethnicity
• Size refers to the total population in a country, and there is also a population age structure showing the proportion of each age group in the population
• Male to female ratio and the different age groups are referred to as the balance of males to females, which has implications for procreation, employment, and health services
• Countries must respond to the needs of ethnic groups to promote programs for tolerance, awareness, and understanding of different groups to coexist
• Religion plays a vital part in the lives of people in the Caribbean, with Christianity being the most common religion, including denominations like Seventh-day Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, and Roman Catholic
• The working-age population consists of people between the ages of 15 and 65, practicing job specialization due to possessing different skills, talents, and abilities used to produce goods and services
• Population statistics are essential for planning healthcare, housing, education, employment, social welfare, and infrastructural development in all countries
• Good planning is based on reliable, up-to-date, accurate, and detailed information on the state of society in the country, with the population being a crucial element for planning for the present and future
• Improvement of citizens' quality of life is crucial for a country to move forward with a satisfied population
• Factors influencing population distribution include natural resources, fertile areas, relief of the land, climatic conditions, types of vegetation, cultural factors, industrial development, and means of transport and communication
• Factors affecting population change include birth rate, death rate, and migration patterns
• Birth rates have a profound impact on any population, with developed countries tending to have lower birth rates due to factors like birth control, education, and women working outside the home
• Death rates impact population growth rates and are affected by factors such as disease epidemics, wars, healthcare availability, food resources, and sanitation
• Emigration and immigration influence the population, with factors like wars, famine, lack of resources, and natural disasters affecting emigration
• Migration affects population distribution and economic activity, with push factors like lack of employment opportunities, poor infrastructure, and pull factors like higher employment rates influencing migration
• Rural-urban migration is the most common form of internal migration in Caribbean countries, driven by factors like low unemployment, better facilities, and amenities in urban areas
• Urban-rural migration occurs on a smaller scale, with factors like pollution, crime, and violence pushing people to rural areas that offer peace and natural scenery
• Rural-rural migration happens on a smaller scale for work or more productive land for agricultural use, often due to land being used for other purposes in their current location
• External migration occurs when people move from one country to another
• Intra-regional migration happens when people remain within the Caribbean
• Reasons for migration include educational and employment opportunities
• Migration programmes examples:

  • Free movement of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) nationals
  • Farm work program
• Farm work program allows individuals to earn a living by working on farms in countries that need workers
• Caribbean Single Market Economy (CSME) allows free travel between Caribbean countries for work or study with Caribbean identification
• Seasonal migrant workers are common in the agricultural sector where demand for labor fluctuates throughout the year
• Positive impacts of migration on migrants:

  • Opportunity for a better job
  • Improved quality of life
  • Safety from conflict
  • Opportunity for a better education
• Negative impacts of migration on migrants:

  • Running out of money
  • Issues communicating due to language barriers
  • Issues securing accommodation or housing
  • Illness due to lack of access to healthcare
  • Exploitation
  • Experience racism
• Positive impacts of migration on host countries:

  • Workers willing to work for low wages
  • Increased cultural diversity
  • Filling skills gaps
  • Boost to the local economy
  • Increase in government tax revenues
  • Public services benefit from qualified staff
  • Immigrant groups can increase birth rates
• Negative impacts of migration on host countries:

  • Pressure on public services
  • Overcrowding
  • Language and cultural barriers
  • Increased pollution
  • Pressure on natural resources
  • Racial tensions and discrimination
  • Local people missing out on jobs due to competition from migrants
  • Migrant groups may not assimilate into local communities
  • Gender imbalance with more men migrating
• Positive impacts of migration on supply countries:

  • Reduced unemployment
  • Less pressure on natural resources
  • Return of migrants with new skills and knowledge
  • Less pressure on services like education and healthcare
  • Boost to the local economy through remittances
• Negative impacts of migration on supply countries:

  • Decrease in tax revenue
  • Brain drain of skilled migrants
  • Negative impact on economic development
  • Families separated by borders
  • Gender imbalances with more males migrating
• Specific consequences of migration:

  • Brain drain leading to skilled workers leaving home countries
  • Governments spending to replace lost skills
  • Inflow of remittances to families
  • Migration as a form of cultural exchange
  • Influence of diaspora communities on laws and elections in host countries
• Tertiary education is offered by various institutions including University of the West Indies, University of Technology, and many others
• Exercise plays a vital role in human resource development, teaching about the human body and health benefits associated with exercise
• Culture and national pride contribute to a sense of belonging and identity
• Factors influencing employment, unemployment, and underemployment include: Employment, Unemployment, Unemployable, and Underemployment
• Main types of unemployment are Structural, Cyclical, Frictional, Seasonal, and Technological