Material Science and Engineering

• Material science is the field of applying the synthesis characterization and properties of material.
• Metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, biomaterials, nanomaterials, and semiconductors are examples of engineering materials.
• Engineering materials can be classified based on their physical characteristics such as metals, non-metals, alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composite materials.
• The classification of engineering materials includes metallic materials (iron, steel, aluminum), non-metallic materials (wood, plastics, rubber), and composite materials (fiber reinforced).
• Composite materials consist of two or more components with different chemical and/or mechanical properties that interact at an interface to produce a desired property profile.
• The classification of engineering materials includes metallic materials (iron, steel, aluminum), non-metallic materials (wood, plastics, rubber), and composite materials (fiber reinforced polymer).
• Semiconductor materials have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and insulator.
• Material science is concerned with understanding the structure and behavior of materials, while material engineering focuses on designing and processing materials for specific applications.
• Ceramic materials are hard, brittle, and have high melting points due to strong ionic bonds.
• Polymers are long chains of molecules made up of repeating units called monomers.
• Metals are malleable, ductile, and good thermal and electrical conductors due to delocalized electrons.
• Polymers are long chains of molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, making them soft and flexible.
• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity because they contain delocalized electrons.
• Non-ferrous alloys include copper, brass, bronze, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum.
• Alloys are mixtures of metals with other elements, such as iron and carbon in steel.
• Alloys are mixtures of metals with other elements, resulting in improved strength and durability compared to pure metals.
• Properties of materials can be determined by its strength, flexibility, hardness, and malleability.
• Ionic crystals has ionic bond and is formed by transfer of electrons. Example of this is NaCl, which can be used in cooking.
• Solid crystals have high melting point.
• Ionic crystals conduct electricity in molten state.
• Ionic crystals has low thermal conductivity.
• Being soluble in polar solvents is one property of an ionic crystal.
• Calcium chloride is often used for de-icing or dust control on gravel roads, in food or as the absorbing agent in desiccants.
• Covalent materials are formed by sharing of electrons.
• Diamond has tetrahedral bonded carbon atoms.
• Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity.
• Diamonds can be used in cutting and drilling tools, as they are hard and durable.
• Graphite has layered, planar structure with hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms.
• Both diamond and graphite are giant covalent structures.
• Metallic bonding is the bonding between atoms within metals.
• Metal alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more elements. Examples are steel and copper.
• Metal alloys has high tensile strength and ductility.
• Metal alloys exhibit magnetic properties and high electrical conductivity.
• Metal alloys can be used in the manufacture of cars, aircraft, ships, bridges, tools, and electrical equipment.
• Semiconductors are materials that have a resistance that varies with the current.
• Semiconductors have crystalline properties and its conductivity lies between insulators and conductors.
• Applications of semiconductors can be found in computers, mobile phones, TVs, and solar cells.
• Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature.
• Meisnner effect in superconductors means that the magnetic field is stronger in the centre of the material than at the edges.
• Superconductors can be seen in the form of magnets, which are used in MRI scanners.