bio112

• How many phosphate groups does ADP have?

  2
• What is ∆G?

  The change in free energy.
• What means something is alive?

  Movement, communication, uses energy, reproduces, responds to external stimuli, and evolves.
• What is matter?

  Anything that takes up space and has mass.
• What is a covalent bond?

  A strong bond that is formed when electrons are shared.
• What is an ionic bond?

  A less strong bond that forms when electrons are transferred.
• What is a hydrogen bond.

  A bond between two polar groups- electronegative attraction.
• What is a van der waals bond?

  A weak interaction that forms due to electrical attractions between two molecules- transient.
• What defines a polar interaction?

  Containing partial negative and partial positive charges on opposite sides of the molecules.
• What defines a non-polar interaction?

  When electrons are equally shared- no partial charges.
• What is the difference between polar and non-polar?

  Polar will interact with H2O (hydrophilic), a great solvent, dissolves in water. Non-polar will not interact with H2O (hydrophobic), will not dissolve in water.
• What is a solution?

  A liquid that contains one or more dissolved solids or gases.
• What is a solute?

  The solid or gas that is being dissolved.
• What is a solvent?

  The liquid that dissolves the solid or gas.
• What is cohesion?

  The attraction between like molecules. (H2O--H2O)
• What is adhesion?

  The attraction between unlike molecules. (H2O--Glass)
• What describes surface tension?

  When H2O molecules are stronger together, maintaining surface area through cohesion.
• What is specific heat?

  The amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance.
• What is heat of vaporization?

  The amount of energy needed to convert liquid H2O to a gas.
• What means that something is more acidic?

  A lower pH.
• What are the 7 functional groups?

  Amino, Carboxyl, Carbonyl, Hydroxyl, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl, Methyl.
• How to differ Amino?

  NH2
• How to differ Carboxyl?

  COOH
• How to differ Hydroxyl?

  OH
• How to differ Carbonyl?

  CO
• How to differ Phosphate?

  P
• How to differ Sulfhydryl?

  SH
• How to differ Methyl?

  CH3
• What are R groups?

  Side chains that characterize one amino acid from another.
• When are amino acids ionized?

  When they have a positive charged amino end and a negative charged carboxyl end. No charge= unionized
• What are amino acids bound by?

  Peptide bonds.
• What does the side chain of an amino acid do?

  Determines the properties and fold of the protein.
• What are the side chains without O or N?

  Non-polar (hydrophobic)
• What are the side chains with a negative O?

  Charged Polar (negatively)
• What side chains have a positive charge?

  Charged Polar (positively)
• What side chains have only carbon and hydrogen?

  Uncharged Polar (hydrophilic)
• What does the primary level of a protein folding look like?

  A straight line containing amino acids with an amino and carboxyl end, with peptide bonds present. It is not functional.
• What does the secondary level of a protein folding look like?

  Contains alpha helix and/or beta sheet, held together by only hydrogen bonds.
• What does the tertiary level of a protein folding look like?

  A large array of secondary structures, held together by both hydrogen and van der waal bonds, only hydrophobic interactions
• What does the quaternary level of a protein folding look like?

  A sequence of tertiary level structures, with a hydrophilic outside and a hydrophobic inside.