bacteria

• prokaryotes have three most common shapes what are they callef?

  cocci (sphere)

  bacilli (rod)

  sprilli (spirals
• what are the important features of a prokaryotic cell wall?

  • it provides phyical protection
  • maintains cells shape
  • prevents cell from bursting
• Prokaryotes are divided Into two domains. What are they?

  archaea and bacteria
• What does prokaryotes not have in their cells?

  nucleus and organelles
• what is peptidoglycan ?

  a negwork of sugar polymers that cross link with polypeptides (protein) that help distinguish bacteria further
• What is the purpose of the capsule?

  it is a protein layers that covers the prokaryote
• What do some prokaryotes have?

  Frimbrae or Attachment pilling which allows them to stick to other individuals in a colony
• What is the diffrence with attachment pilli/ frimbrae vs sex pilli?

  Attachment pilli allows them to stick to other individua colonies.

  sex pilli are longer then frimbrae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
• Archae cells lack what but bacteria cells need it?

  it lacks peptidoglycan and instead contains polysaccharides and proteins
• What does the cell membrane of a archea bacteria allow them to live in?


  Extreme environments
• what are hot springs and volcano called?

  Thermacidophilles
• What is it called when archaea bacteria can live in ocean trenches by methane events?

  Methanophilles
• What is eubacteria?

  Two major categories based on a cells walls composition
• what is gram positive?

  Peptidoglycan layers on the outside of the cells allows them to be more easily harmed by antibiotics
• What is gram negative 


  Have an outer layer of lipid and carbohydrates making it resistant to multiple drugs and available antibiotics
• what is the differences of colour staining for gram neg and pos?

  Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple, while Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the stain and appear pink or red
• Where can you find archea bacteria photosynthetic ?


  it is known as a cyanobacteria that tend to live on surface of a body of water
• What bacteria reproduction method is this called?

  Binary Fission

  
• What is the size differences of Prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
• Where do most bacteria live?

  Free living (eg soil)
• Where do photosynthetic (cyanobacteria) live?

  surface of bodies of water
• What’s the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

  Flagella is structurally and functionally different
• What is taxis?

  Ability to move towards to away to certain stimuli
• Where is the capsule located?

  outside of the cell walls
• Describe the use of frimbrae (attatchment pilli)

  Allows prokaryotic cells to stick together
• What is plasmids?


  smaller extra DNA
• What supplies energy molecules to mesomes?

  special respiratory enzymes
• Eukaryotic cells wall is made out of what?

  Chitin and cellulose
• How can the 3 common prokaryotes shapes exist as?

  Staphylo (clusters)

  Strepto (chains)
• What does archae bacteria have and lack?

  have polysaccharides and protein but lack peptidoglycan
• What kind of bacteria live on/in hosts/ living organisms?

  infectious bacteria
• What is autotrophs?

  creates organic energy molecules from inorganic non energy molecules
• what are phototrophs Autotrophs?


  creates NRG from sunlight and O2

  Eg plants
• What are Chemotrophs autotrophs ?

  NRG derived from inorganic molecules suphur and nitrogen
• What are Heterotrophs ?

  ingest organic molecules that already have NRG in them

  animials
• What is needed to breakdown food molecules to release NRG ?

  Oxygen
• what is fermentation?

  produce NRG without oxygen
• What is obligate anaerobe ?

  do not need oxygen and can be poisoned by oxygen
• What is obligate aerobe ?

  constant supply of oxygen to release energy
• What is clostridium botulinum ?

  an obligate anaerobe