Prokaryotic cells

• The cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support to the cell.
• Peptidoglycan consists of long chains of sugar molecules cross-linked by short polypeptide strands.
• The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasmic compartment and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
• Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome that contains all their genetic information.
• Some prokaryotes also contain small circles of DNA called plasmids, which can be transferred between cells through conjugation or transformation.
• Plasmids are not essential for survival but may confer advantages such as antibiotic resistance.
• Proteins embedded in the membrane serve various functions such as transporting molecules across the membrane or acting as receptors.
• Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form bilayers.
• Plasmids are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA found in some bacteria and archaea.
• Plasmids are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA found in some bacteria and archaea.
• Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurs when plasmids are exchanged between different bacterial species.
• They carry genes that encode traits such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and metabolic pathways.
• They carry genes that encode traits such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and metabolic pathways.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and consist of RNA and proteins.
• They carry genes that encode traits such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and metabolic pathways.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and consist of two subunits made up of RNA and proteins.
• Archaea use only archaeal (5S) ribosomes.
• They carry genes that encode traits such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and metabolic pathways.