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Plasmodium life cycle
involves
two phases
: one in
human
beings and another in
mosquitoes
Plasmodium
in
mosquito
phase is known as
Plasmodium vivax
in
mosquito
phase
Female Anopheles
mosquito bites a malaria patient, who has
Plasmodium vivax
in man phase
Gametocytes
are present in the
blood
of the
malaria
patient
Female Anopheles
mosquito sucks
blood
from the
malaria
patient, containing
male
and
female gametocytes
Male
and
female gametocytes
enter the
gut
of the
mosquito
and then the
crop
Plasmodium vivax
in mosquito phase consists of four stages:
gametogony
,
fertilization
, formation of
ookinetes
, and
sporogony
Plasmodium vivax in
mosquito
phase is also known as
Ross cycle
, discovered by Ronald
Ross
Male gametocyte
undergoes
exflagellation
to form
male gametes
with
flagella
Female gametocyte
transforms into
female gamete
Fertilization
between male and female
gametes
leads to the
formation
of a
zygote
Zygote develops into a
ookinete
, which is
motile
Sporozoites undergo
meiotic
and
mitotic
divisions to form
sporoblasts
, which develop into
sporocysts
Ookinete
settles on the crop wall of the
mosquito
and forms
oocysts
containing
50
to
500 sporozoites
Sporozoites
move to the
hemolymph
of the
mosquito
and then to the
salivary glands
Sporocysts release
sporozoites
, with each
sporocyst
releasing thousands of
sporozoites
Infected
mosquito
can transmit
sporozoites
to a new human host, starting the
Plasmodium vivax
in man phase in the new host
Plasmodium vivax
occurs in two phases:
man phase
and
mosquito phase
Plasmodium
is a parasite that causes
malaria
Plasmodium undergoes
asexual reproduction
and leads to the
formation
of
schizonts
Plasmodium
infects liver cells (
hepatic
cells) and
red blood cells
to cause
malaria
Hepatic
schizogony occurs when
Plasmodium
infects
liver
cells
Erythrocytic
schizogony occurs when
Plasmodium
infects red blood cells (
erythrocytes
)
Plasmodium vivax
in man phase was discovered by
Short
and
Garnham
Plasmodium-infected
mosquito releases
2000 sporozoites
when biting a human
Sporozoites enter
hepatic
cells and
red blood
cells
Sporozoites
transform into
trophozoites
in
hepatic
cells
Trophozoites
consume
hepatic cell content
and develop into
schizonts
Schizonts undergo
mitotic
division to release
merozoites
(
cryptozoites
)
Pre-erythrocytic
cycle involves the development of
merozoites
in
hepatic
cells for
8
days
Merozoites have two options: continue
exo-erythrocytic
cycle in
hepatic
cells or enter
red blood
cells directly
Exo-erythrocytic
cycle continues the development of
merozoites
in
hepatic
cells for
8
days
Merozoites released from
exo-erythrocytic
cycle can infect
red blood cells
Merozoites
infect
red blood cells
and transform into
trophozoites
Trophozoites
mature and develop a
vacuole
, becoming a
signet ring
stage
Signet ring stage
transforms
into
amoeboid
stage by
removing
the
vacuole
Plasmodium
undergoes different stages of
development
, including the
amoeboid
stage
During the amoeboid stage,
pseudopodia
are developed for
locomotion
and
grasping food material
Amoeboid
stage consumes
hemoglobin
from
red
blood cells using
pseudopodia
Hemoglobin is digested by
Plasmodium
, with the
globin
part being
completely digested
and the
heme
part being
converted
into
hemozoin
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