Biology in human welfare

Cards (51)

  • Plasmodium life cycle involves two phases: one in human beings and another in mosquitoes
  • Plasmodium in mosquito phase is known as Plasmodium vivax in mosquito phase
  • Female Anopheles mosquito bites a malaria patient, who has Plasmodium vivax in man phase
  • Gametocytes are present in the blood of the malaria patient
  • Female Anopheles mosquito sucks blood from the malaria patient, containing male and female gametocytes
  • Male and female gametocytes enter the gut of the mosquito and then the crop
  • Plasmodium vivax in mosquito phase consists of four stages: gametogony, fertilization, formation of ookinetes, and sporogony
  • Plasmodium vivax in mosquito phase is also known as Ross cycle, discovered by Ronald Ross
  • Male gametocyte undergoes exflagellation to form male gametes with flagella
  • Female gametocyte transforms into female gamete
  • Fertilization between male and female gametes leads to the formation of a zygote
  • Zygote develops into a ookinete, which is motile
  • Sporozoites undergo meiotic and mitotic divisions to form sporoblasts, which develop into sporocysts
  • Ookinete settles on the crop wall of the mosquito and forms oocysts containing 50 to 500 sporozoites
  • Sporozoites move to the hemolymph of the mosquito and then to the salivary glands
  • Sporocysts release sporozoites, with each sporocyst releasing thousands of sporozoites
  • Infected mosquito can transmit sporozoites to a new human host, starting the Plasmodium vivax in man phase in the new host
  • Plasmodium vivax occurs in two phases: man phase and mosquito phase
  • Plasmodium is a parasite that causes malaria
  • Plasmodium undergoes asexual reproduction and leads to the formation of schizonts
  • Plasmodium infects liver cells (hepatic cells) and red blood cells to cause malaria
  • Hepatic schizogony occurs when Plasmodium infects liver cells
  • Erythrocytic schizogony occurs when Plasmodium infects red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Plasmodium vivax in man phase was discovered by Short and Garnham
  • Plasmodium-infected mosquito releases 2000 sporozoites when biting a human
  • Sporozoites enter hepatic cells and red blood cells
  • Sporozoites transform into trophozoites in hepatic cells
  • Trophozoites consume hepatic cell content and develop into schizonts
  • Schizonts undergo mitotic division to release merozoites (cryptozoites)
  • Pre-erythrocytic cycle involves the development of merozoites in hepatic cells for 8 days
  • Merozoites have two options: continue exo-erythrocytic cycle in hepatic cells or enter red blood cells directly
  • Exo-erythrocytic cycle continues the development of merozoites in hepatic cells for 8 days
  • Merozoites released from exo-erythrocytic cycle can infect red blood cells
  • Merozoites infect red blood cells and transform into trophozoites
  • Trophozoites mature and develop a vacuole, becoming a signet ring stage
  • Signet ring stage transforms into amoeboid stage by removing the vacuole
  • Plasmodium undergoes different stages of development, including the amoeboid stage
  • During the amoeboid stage, pseudopodia are developed for locomotion and grasping food material
  • Amoeboid stage consumes hemoglobin from red blood cells using pseudopodia
  • Hemoglobin is digested by Plasmodium, with the globin part being completely digested and the heme part being converted into hemozoin