Exam 1

• Stable angina is characterized as chest pain that happens due to physical exertion. It is alleviated with rest and medication.
• Unstable angina is a type of chest pain that is due to ischemia of the heart, it leads to a heart attack and is not alleviated with rest.
• Prinzmetal Angina is a chest pain that is triggered spontaneously, it is caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries and can be alleviated with medication.
• Variant or vasospastic Angina is also called Prinzmetal
• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by impaired blood flow to the extremities, typically due to atherosclerosis or other vascular abnormalities.
• Common risk factors for PAD are high cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking, and obesity.
• Signs and symptoms of Peripheral arterial disease are intermittent claudication, decreased hair growth, decreased wound healing, weak or absent pulse, intermittent claudication, pain at rest, pallor, cold extremities, and numbness.
• Medications for peripheral arterial disease include antihypertensives, anticholesterol (statins), and antiplatelets.
• Peripheral venous disease signs and symptoms are edema, redness, warmth, leg pain and cramps, skin changes, and ulcers.
• Virchow's triad is the reason that contributes to blood clots, this comes from vessel injury, hypercoagubility, and abnormal blood flow.
• Clincal manifestations of Deep Vein Thrombosis is pain, swelling, warmth, reddness, visible veins.
• Antiplatelets like Clopidogrel, Heparin, Warfarin help treat DVT.
• The therapeutic levels for heparin are measured through aPTT. It should be 60-80 seconds.
• activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is collected every 6 hours.
• A DASH Diet is low-fat and high in rich grains and vegetables (carbs).
• Heparin offers rapid anticoagulation, crucial for immediate clot prevention during acute conditions like DVT or PE. Meanwhile, warfarin, with its delayed onset, gradually establishes long-term anticoagulation by inhibiting clotting factor production.
• Clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are chest pain, shortness of breath, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, and syncope.
• Right-sided heart failure clinical manifestations are jugular vein distension, fatigue, fluid retention, liver enlargement, abdominal swelling, anorexia, and liver congestion.
• Left-sided heart failure clinical manifestations are dyspnea, cyanosis, wheezing, fatigue, S3 gallop, and pulmonary edema.
• Electrocardiography (ECG): monitors heart's electrical impulses.
• Echocardiogram: uses an ultrasound to look at the heart structure to determine abnormalities
• STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction

  
• NSTEMI: non-ST elevated myocardial infarction. This is diagnosed through lab results (troponin, myoglobin, Creatine-Kinase MB).
• Troponin-I normal levels are 0-0.4ng/mL.
• Myoglobin normal levels are 5-70mcg/L.
• Troponin-T normal range is 0.01 ng/mL
• A urinary tract infection is when a microorganism infects the urinary tract, this tract is usually sterile.
• Prostatitis (infection of the prostate), Urethritis (infection of the urethra), Cystitis (infection of the bladder) are lower UTIs
• Pyelonephritis a kidney and infection an a is an upper UTI
• Risk factors for UTIs are pregnancy, old age, poor hygiene, structural issues, changes in the environment of the vagina, and sexual activity.
• There are two ways to develop a UTI, a bacteria invasion where bacteria enters the urinary tract. Urethrovesical reflux is when urine back flows from the urethra back up into the bladder or Vesicourethral is when urine from the bladder back flows into the ureters.
• UTI symptoms are hematuria, bacteria, suprapubic pain, nocturia, incontinence, frequency, urgency, and dysuria.
• Urosepsis is a septic infection that results from a UTI, the clinical manifestations are hyperthermia or hypothermia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
• UTI in the elderly present as lethargy, agitation and confusion.
• Nitrates and Leukocyte esterase found in urine indicate UTI.
• UTI interventions are monitor fluid intake and output, initiate fluids, antimicrobial treatment, implement proper perineal care, monitor for signs and symptoms
• UTI prevention education includes medication adherence, drink lots of fluids but limit sugary drinks and caffeine, have proper perineal care, limit baths and take showers, void frequently, and white from front to back.
• Older male adults 50+ are more likely to have Benign Prostate Hypertrophy.
• Risk factors for BPH are family history, smoking, age (50+)
• BPH signs and symptoms are nocturia, urinary urgency, intermittent urinary stream, incomplete emptying, urinary retention, and urinary frequency.