Topic 1 into to organic

• Define what is meant by empirical formula [1]

  The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compund
• Define what is meant by molecular formula [1]

  The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
• Define what is meant by structural formula [1]

  Shows the atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups
• Define what is meant by skeletal formula [1]

  Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. Hydrogens aren’t shown
• Define what is meant by displayed formula [1]

  Shows how all of the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them
• What is a homologous series of compounds ? [2]

  A homologous series is a group of compounds that contain the same functional group. They can all be represented by the same general formula
• Name types of homologous series [14]

  Alkanes

  branched alkanes

  alkenes

  halogenoalkanes

  alcohols

  aldehydes

  ketones

  carboxylic acid

  ester

  amine

  acrylic chloride

  arene

  cycloalkanes
• Nomenclature: count longest carbon chain

  main functional group gives end of name

  Alphabetical order for side brnches
• Define chain isomerism [2]

  Chain isomers have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. Some straight chains and others branches in different ways.
• Define positional isomerism [2]

  Positional isomers have the same skeleton and the same atoms attached. The atom or group is attached to a different carbon atom
• Define functional group isomerism [2]

  Functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups
• Carbon atoms in a double bond and the atoms bonded to these carbons all lie in the same plane. these bonds are fairly rigid and can’t roTate. The restricted roration causes EZ isomerism
• The z isomer has the same groups above and below the double bond
• The e isomer has the same groups across the double bond
• What are the changes-in gold prelog rules? [3]

  The first step is to assign priority to the two atoms attached to each carbon in the double bond

  The atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given the higher priority

  To work out the isomer, look at the two higher priority groups and how they’re arranged