features of science

• What reputation does psychology have among some scientists?

  Not being a proper science
• Why do some psychologists get offended by criticism?

  They believe psychology is a valid science
• What is a key characteristic of science regarding ideas?

  Ideas must be tested carefully multiple times
• How does psychology differ from biology, chemistry, and physics in research?

  Psychology studies behavior, which is complex
• What unique feature does the brain have that complicates psychological research?

  It changes behavior when observed
• Why is objectivity important in psychological research?

  To avoid bias in data collection and interpretation
• What is the empirical method based on?

  Empiricism, where knowledge comes from experience
• What does it mean to collect data objectively?

  Data should avoid bias from the researcher
• What is the purpose of the double-blind technique in research?

  To prevent bias from both researchers and participants
• What is the role of peer review in scientific research?

  To identify bias and ensure research validity
• Why is control important in experiments?

  To demonstrate a cause and effect relationship
• What does replicability in research ensure?

  Confidence in the validity of results
• What is falsifiability in scientific theories?

  The ability to be tested and potentially disproven
• How did the discovery of black swans relate to falsifiability?

  It disproved the theory that all swans are white
• Why are some of Freud's ideas criticized?

  They are considered unfalsifiable concepts
• Who proposed the idea of paradigm shifts in science?

  Thomas Kuhn
• What is a paradigm shift?

  A significant change in scientific thinking
• What was the Copernican revolution?

  It shifted belief from Earth-centered to Sun-centered models
• How did behaviorism represent a paradigm shift in psychology?

  It focused on observable behavior over internal processes
• What is the inductive method of theory construction?

  Starting with observations to form general theories
• What is the deductive method in scientific research?

  Testing hypotheses based on established theories
• What happens if a scientific theory withstands testing?

  We gain confidence in its validity
• What are the key features of scientific research in psychology?

  • Empirical method: Knowledge from experience
  • Objectivity: Avoiding bias in data
  • Control: Ensuring cause and effect
  • Replicability: Allowing experiments to be repeated
  • Falsifiability: Theories must be testable
  • Paradigm shifts: Significant changes in scientific thought
• What are the stages of scientific theory construction and hypothesis testing?

  1. Observation of behavior
  2. Construct testable hypotheses
  3. Collect empirical data
  4. Analyze data statistically
  5. Propose a theory based on results
• What are the differences between inductive and deductive methods in research?

  • Inductive: Observations lead to general theories
  • Deductive: Established theories lead to specific hypotheses