Schizophrenia

• How many people does it affect?

  1/100
• How many sufferers attempt suicide?

  40%
• How many people have chronic SZ?

  25%
• What is SZ?

  breakdown of communications in the brain
• What is a positive synptom? give an example

  adding to behaviours

  Hallucinations/ Delusions
• what is a negative symptom? give an example

  loss of usual experience

  poverty of speech

  aviliton
• why are black people more likely to suffer?


  Racism

  lack of good healthcare
• what does DSM stand for?


  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• what does ICD stand for?

  International Classification of Diseases
• what did Cheniaux study?

  reliability of diagnosis
• what did Soderberg study?

  DSM concordance rates (81%)
• What did Nilsson study?ICD concordance (60%)
• what is co-morbidity?

  2 conditions co-exist
• What is symptom overlap?

  2 or more conditions have the same symptoms
• what did Ellison and Ross find?

  people with Dissosciative identity disorder have more SZ symptoms than people with SZ
• What did Ketter find?

  misdiagnosis led to delay in receiving treatment
• Is there cultural bias?

  Yes, cultural differences
• Is there gender bias?

  yes, Men have a higher diagnosis than women
• Give examples of biological explanations

  Genetics

  Adoption research

  Neural correlates

  Dopamine Hypothesis
• What did Gottesman study?

  genetics - MZ & DZ twins
• What was the concordance rates in Gottesman?

  MZ -48%

  DZ - 17%
• what did Kety and Ingram find ?

  SZ 10x more common in those whose mothers are biological than those who are adoptive
• what did ripke suggest?

  Sz is polygenetic - many genes are involved
• The Hypodoperminergia has…

  low levels of dopamine

  low activity in D1 receptors
• the Hypodopaminergia is related to

  -ve symptoms
• the hyperdopaminergia has…


  high levels of dopamine

  high activity
• the hyperdpaminergia is related to…

  +ve symptoms
• where did Juckel measure activity in brain?

  striatum
• In the striatum there is…

  low activity - increases severity of symptoms and vice versa
• What did Curran suggest?

  amphetamines increase dopamine levels which can produce SZ symptoms in non-sufferers
• what can drugs lead to?

  hallucinations/delusions
• what do anti-psychotic drugs lead to

  reduced dopamine
• what is the most common treatment?

  Antopsychotics
• name an example of a Typical antipsychotic

  Chlorpromazine
• what does Typical antipsychotics do?

  Acts against dopamine

  at the D1 receptor

  reduces positive symptoms
• what effect do typical antipsychotics give people?

  sedative effects
• Name an example of an atypical antipsychotic

  clozapine
• what do Atypical antipsychotics do?

  target glutamate and serotonin

  improves mood

  used when someone at high risk of suicide

  causes blood condition
• What did Thornley do?

  tested effectiveness of drug treatments

  better performance rates
• what are some serious side effects?

  drymouth

  lethargy

  constipation

  confusion

  tradive dyskinesia

  weight gain

  diabetes