Psychology Statistics

• Authority a person of distinction says something is true.

  ex. the president, influencers
• Intuition sudden insights or ideas.

  ex. gut feeling
• rationalism the defense mechanisms

  ex. sour-graping & sweet-lemoning
• scientific method uses objective assessments to dermine truth
• collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, to infer proportions (statistics)
• the complete set of individuals, objects, or scores

  population
• may have different values atdifferent times

  variable
• subset of the population ex. 364 office workers

  sample
• what type of variable is manipulated by the investigator (cause)

  independent variable
• what type of variable measured to determine the effect

  dependent variable
• what type of variable where we didnt know it could be there, uncontrollable ex. pagod ng respondents

  confounding variable
• what type of variable is controllable to prevent factors from influencing the results ex. control for time frame

  extraneous variable
• what type of variable explains the process why two variables are related ex. john and peter are friends because of lloyd

  mediating variable
• what type of variable increases/decreases a variable, affects the stregth and direction of that relationship

  moderating variable
• in this kind of study, no variables are manipulated, cannot determine causality


  observational study
• in this kind of study, variables can bem manipulated and attempts to determine causality (whether a change in one variable causes a change in another variable)

  true experiment
• under observational studies, this aims to get an accuration description of the situation being studies ex. ethnic person in their own hometown

  naturalistic observation
• under observational study, conducted on samples to estimate population characteristics ex. surveys

  parameter estimation
• under observational study, the investigator focuses on two or more variables to determine if they are related

  correlational study
• data is collected on a sample of subjects rather than the entire population ex. fishbowl technique

  random sampling
• to describe or characterized the obtained data, youre just stating the data

  descriptive statistics
• uses sample dat to infer characteristics, you may conclude or assume based on the data found

  inferential statistics
• SPSS


  statistical package for the social sciences
• SAS


  statistical analysis system
• what measurement scale, qualitative variables, no magnitude, categories, labels

  nominal scales
• what measurement scale, no equal intervals, low level of magnitude, rank

  ordinal scales
• what measurement scale, equal intervals, higher magnitude, NO absolute zero

  interval scales
• what measurement scale, has all propoerties of interval scales and has an absolute zero

  ratio scales
• what type of variable, theoretically can have an infinite number of values between adjacent units


  continuous variable
• what type of variable, has no possible values between adjacent units on the scale

  discrete variable
• the capital greek letter ∑ is called sigma
• quantifies a characteristic of the SAMPLE

  statistic
• quantifies a characteristic of the POPULATION

  parameter