Lesson 3: HISTORY OF CORRECTION
Cards (12)
- Code of Hammurabi
- The 1st formal laws dealing with the imposition of justice in Babylonia.
- It has a core principle of justice known as “lex taliones” or an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
- However, lex taliones is a two-tiered concept of justice because not everybody is equal in the imposition of punishment.
- Justinian Code
- The Roman Emperor Justin put the code into effect.
- This law became the standard law in all the areas occupied by the Roman Empire particularly in Europe.
- This Code was a revision of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law that originated about 500 BC
- These twelve tables contain every crime in those days and specified the penalty for every offense listed in the said tables.
- Burgundian Code
- This code introduce the concept of restitution
- But, punishment was meted according to the social class of the offenders. Nobles, middle class and lower class have specified values on their lives.
- An offender had to pay the specified value in order not to undergo physical suffering as penalty.
- An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to the death penalty.
- Greek Code of Draco
- a harsh code that provided the same punishment for both citizen and slaves.
- Hulks
- Prison ship
- Former warship used to house prisoner in 18th to 19th century.
- Abandoned or unusable transport ships, which were converted into prison as means of relieving prison congestion when transported system was abandoned in rivers.
- They are also called floating hells.
- Gaols
- Hard for the poor prisoner but not for those who were wealthy.
- This was because prisoners have to pay for their accommodation, food, and the cost of administration and security.
- Bridewell Institution
- This was established as a workplace for beggar, vagrants and prostitute.
- This is the most popular workhouse in London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoner.
- Walnut Street Jail
- First American Penitentiary in Philadelphia
- Where the separate, silent penitentiary philosophy of John Howard was introduced.
- Maine State Prison
- Early Roman place of confinement;
- Prisoner worked in the mines during day and then their ankles and necks are shackled during night time to prevent escape;
- Detain offenders where they will be starved to death.
- Sing Sing Prison
- The force of icy cold water hitting the head of the offender caused so much pain and extreme shocked and sudden drop in body temperature.
- Hospicio de San Michelle/ Hospital of Saint Michael
- Emphasized the rehabilitative concept of the segregation of prisoner and forced to silence to make him contemplate their wrongdoings;
- Physical torture was severely minimized and reserved only for the incorrigibles.
- Hospicio de San Michelle/ Hospital of Saint Michael
- This was supplanted by mental and psychological stress due to the extreme loneliness of segregation and forced silence.
- The convicts are chained in one foot and observing strict rule of silence.
- They listened to religious brothers giving religious teachings.