acngi

• Anatomical position:

  • Standing with feet parallel
  • Facing forwards
  • Arms by side
  • Palms facing forwards
• Planes:

  • Coronal plane (frontal)
  • Transverse plane (horizontal)
  • Sagittal plane
• Sagittal plane:

  • Divides the body into right and left halves
  • Movement of a body part FORWARDS is generally called FLEXION
  • Movement of a body part BACKWARDS is generally called EXTENSION
• Coronal (frontal) plane:

  • Divides the body into front and back parts
  • Movement of a body part away from the mid-line is generally called ABDUCTION
  • Movement of a body part towards the mid-line is generally called ADDUCTION
• Transverse (horizontal) plane:

  • Divides the body into upper and lower parts
  • Rotation of a body part outwards is generally called LATERAL (external) ROTATION
  • Rotation of a body part inwards is generally called MEDIAL (internal) ROTATION
• Axis:

  • Coronal plane moves around a sagittal axis
  • Transverse plane moves around a vertical axis
  • Sagittal plane moves around a coronal axis
• Anterior and posterior:

  • Anterior – towards the front / in front of
  • Posterior – towards the back / behind
• Medial and lateral:

  • Medial – closer to the midline
  • Lateral – further away from the midline
• Superior and inferior:

  • Superior – Above / on top of
  • Inferior – Below / underneath
• Proximal and distal:

  • Proximal – nearer to the trunk
  • Distal – further from the trunk
• Superficial and deep:

  • Superficial – closer to the surface
  • Deep – further from the surface
• Bones:

  • Function of bone: Protection, Mobility, Stability, Leverage, Nutrition
  • 5 main types of bone: Long, Short, Flat, Sesamoid, Irregular
• Joints:

  • Areas where bones are linked together
  • Some joints are linked by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue and allow little movement
  • Most joints in the body are SYNOVIAL JOINTS and are freely moveable
• Joints (3 types):

  • Synovial
  • Cartilaginous: Primary, Secondary
  • Fibrous: Gomphosis, Suture, Syndesmosis
• Features of a synovial joint:

  • Fibrous capsule
  • Articular cartilage
  • Synovial cavity and fluid
  • Synovial membrane
• Synovial joint types:

  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Saddle
  • Ellipsoid/condylar
  • Gliding/plane
• Ligaments:

  • Connect bones
  • Collagen
  • Provide stability
• Muscle:

  • Composed of bundles of individual fibers
  • Muscles which attach to bones are called skeletal muscles
• Muscle:

  • Muscle can attach directly to bone or via a tendon
  • The shape and arrangement of the muscle will affect its function
• Summary:

  • A joint is where 2 or more bones meet and is usually where movement occurs
  • Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and the joint surfaces are lined by hyaline cartilage
  • Bones are held together at joints by ligaments
  • Movement of bones at a joint is produced by the contraction of muscles
• Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, and died on December 30, 1896
• He was baptized three days after his birth by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of Calamba
• Jose Rizal's full name was Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Meanings of Names:

  • Jose was chosen by his mother in honor of St. Joseph
  • Prota s io was from Gervacio P. on a Christian calendar
  • Mercado was adopted by his paternal great-great-grandfather, meaning 'market' in English
  • Rizal means a field where wheat sprouts again
  • Alonso was his mother's old surname
  • Realonda was from the surname of his godmother
• Jose Rizal's father was Francisco Mercado Rizal, born on May 11, 1818, in Binan Laguna, and died in Manila on January 5, 1898
• Jose Rizal's mother was Teodora Alonso Realonda, born on November 8, 1826, in Manila, and died on August 16, 1911
• Jose Rizal had siblings:

  • Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913)
  • Paciano Rizal (1851-1930)
  • Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)
  • Olympia Rizal (1855-1887)
  • Lucia Rizal (1857-1919)
  • Maria Rizal (1859-1945)
  • Jose Rizal (1861-1896)
  • Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865)
  • Josefa Rizal (1865-1945)
  • Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)
  • Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)
• Jose Rizal was executed by the Spaniards on December 30, 1896
• Ancestry of Rizal in Paternal Side:

  • Domingo Lameo was a Chinese immigrant who adopted the name Mercado in 1731
  • Juan Mercado was Rizal's great-grandfather
  • Francisco Mercado was Rizal's father
• Ancestry of Rizal in Maternal Side:

  • Lakandula was a descendant
  • Eugenio Ursua was Rizal's great-great-grandfather
  • Regina, daughter of Eugenio, married Manuel De Quintos
  • Brigida, daughter of Regina, married Lorenzo Alberto
• The Rizal family had a distinguished stone house in Calamba during the Spanish times, with a poultry yard and a garden of tropical fruit trees
• The Rizal family home was a happy and wholesome environment where parental affection and children's laughter reigned
• The Rizal family was harmoniously united by strong ties of affection and understanding, creating a wholesome family