intro

• 1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

  • Study of microorganisms and their activity
• 1. MEDICAL  MICROBIOLOGY

  • Microbiology is studied to study the diseases caused by microorganisms, as well as the prevention and control of disease.
• Bacteriology - bacteria
• • Mycology - fungi
• • Phycology - algae
• • Protozoology - protozoans
• • Virology - viruses
• • Parasitology - parasites
• • Nematology - nematodes
• 1. KINGDOMS

  In the early years, there were only 2 kingdoms: animal kingdom and plant kingdom.
• 1886- However, there are microorganisms that possess both plant-like and animal-like characteristics. That’s why Protista, a new kingdom, was proposed by Ernst Haeckel
• PROKARYOTES

  • No organelles
  • Unicellular
  • Circular chromosomes
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Nuecleolus 

   
• EUKARYOTES

  • Nucleus and organelles
  • Unicellular and multicellular 
  • Linear chromosomes
  • Cell wall is present (found in plants, cells, and fungi)
  • Cell membrane (present in all cells) (preserving the cell structure)(protects the cell from physical damage)
• 1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  • First prototype of magnifying glass

  Observed minute organisms, animalcules
• • AVL was able to produce an instrument having a magnification of 40-300x 
• 1. Robert Hooke

  • First compound microscope
• In 1678, Robert Hooke developed acompound microscope and confirmed
• 1. Louis Pasteur

  • “Father of modern microbiology”
  • Introduced the technique of sterilization
  • Importance of cotton plugs and the use of complex media
• 1. Joseph Lister

  • Father of antiseptic surgery
  • He said that microorganisms in the atmosphere contributes to post-operative wound infection
  • Introduced antiseptic surgery by proposing carbolic acid as a spray (1867)
• 1. Robert Koch

  • Father of bacteriology
  • Koch’s postulate
  • Introduce staining techniques and methods of obtaining bacteria in pure culture using solid media (agar)
  • Discovered cholera vibrio and tubercle bacili
• 1. Causal agent poliomyelitis

  • Landsteiner and Propper (1909)
  • Poliomyelitis - life-threatening disease caused by poliovirus
• 1.  Antibiotics (1928)

  • Alexander Fleming
  • Antibacterial effect of Penicillin produced by mold penicillium 
  • In 1940, sade preparation of penicillin were developed by chain
• 1. Immunization against smallpox

  • Edward jenner (1796)
  • Cowpox virus - exposure of milkmaids to occupational cowpox made them immune.
• 1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

  • Study of microorganisms and their activity
  • Microorganisms are grouped based on their morphology and functional properties; they are grouped as (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans, and viruses.)
  • All microorganisms are not alike and have different features
• (what are microorganisms?) - organisms that is microscopic such as bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists
• • However, there are microorganisms that possess both plant-like and animal-like characteristics. That’s why Protista, a new kingdom, was proposed by Ernst Haeckel.
• (Viruses are not included)

  • acellular
  • They are not technically alive (no kingdom)
  • Very different from others
  • Only utilize host cell to function
• BENEFICIAL EFFECTS

  Contributes to digestion - lactobacillus, the bacteria commonly used in probiotics

  Competes the disease causing particles

  Produce organic acids such as citric, lactic, and acetic acid

  Vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes
• 1. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISM 

  • Produce diseases in man, animals, and plants
  • Spoil our food and things (water, books, leather, etc.)