history of community and public health

• Shaman/medicine man

  SKILLED IN:

  1. THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINE
  2. THE USE OF AMULETS, CHARMS OR SPELLS THAT WOULD WARD OFF EVIL SPIRIT THAT CAUSE ILLNESS
  3. CONDUCT CEREMONIES THAT WOULD APPEASE THE GODS OR SUPERNATURAL BEING AND REVERT THE CURSE THAT CAUSED ILLNESS.
  4. GIVING ADVICE TO INDIVIDUALS ON HOW TO MAINTAIN AN ILL-FREE LIFE.
• Ancient Egyptian

  1. ESTABLISHED  RUDIMENTARY BATHS AND TOILETS IN DWELLING PLACES.
  2. GIVE HIGH REGARD FOR PERSONAL CLEANLINESS BUT THE RATIONALE WAS MORE RELIGIOUS RATHER THAN MEDICAL
  3. THEY BELIEVED THAT  DEITIES AND SPIRITS STILL PLAYED A ROLE IN CAUSING ILLNESS
• Greeks

  1. THEY SLOWLY DIGRESSED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE SUPERNATURAL AS THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS AND DISEASES INTO A MORE "RATIONAL OR LOGICAL -PARADIGM.
  2. GAVE BIRTH TO PROMINENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS SUCH AS ARISTOTLE, SOCRATES AND PYTHAGORAS.
  3. HIPPOCRATES- KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF MEDICINE.

   
• Hippocrates

  1. HE PROPOSED THAT DISEASES DEVELOP BECAUSE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT AND NOT BECAUSE OF SOME FORM OF DIVINE ACT
  2. HE  NOTED THE EFFECT OF FOOD, OF OCCUPATION AND EVEN CLIMATE IN CAUSING DISEASES.
• concepts of four humors

  1.PHLEGM

  2.BLOOD

  3.YELLOW BILE

  4.BLACK BILE
• four humors & four seasons & four elements

  
• roman civilizations

  GALEN:  A  GREEK PHYSICIAN  WHO MIGRATED TO ROME, DISSECTED MONKEY.

  • HIS WORKS BECAME A FOUNDATION FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN ANATOMY.
• Middle ages or “dark ages”

  1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLACK PLAGUE OR THE BUBONIC PLAGUE.
  2. CAUSED BY BACTERIA YERSINIA PESTIS, TRANSMITTED THROUGH FLEA BITES.
  3. THE OUTBREAK STARTED IN CHINA AND  THROUGH THE TRADE ROUTES THE DISEASES WAS BROUGHT TO EUROPE.
• Renaissance period

  1. GIROLAMO FRACASTORO- BROADENED THE PUBLIC’S UNDERSTANDING OF HOW EPIDEMICS OR INFECTIONS WERE SPREAD.

           -HE INTRODUCES THE CONCEPT OF “FOMITES”- A VEHICLE CARRYING PATHOGENS THAT COULD CAUSE      DISEASES.
• 1. ANDREAS VESALIUS WROTE “ ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY”- DESCRIBED A DETAILED STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY.
  2. WILLIAM HARVEY- STUDY THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
  3. ANTON VAN LEEWEENHOEK- OBSERVED THROUGH A CRUDE MICROSCOPE A BACTERIA AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS.
• 15th Century

  •ITALIAN BOARDS OF HEALTH STARTED INSTITUTIONALIZING A SYSTEM THAT WOULD RECORD  AND REGISTER DEATHS, THIS FORM OF DEATH REGISTRATION WAS REFERRED TO AS “BILLS OF MORTALITY”.

   

  •THIS BECAME THE BASIS FOR EVIDENCE BASED PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION.
• colonial period

  •EXCHANGE OF DISEASES BETWEEN THE COLONIZER AND COLONIZED EX: SMALLPOX VIRUS

  •EXPLORER WHO COMEBACK FROM THE NEW WORLD BROUGHT THEM NEW DISEASE: SYPHILIS

  •THE NEW WORLD DISCOVERED QUININE  FROM SOUTH AMERICAN QUINA-QUINA TREE, THE FIRST MEDICINE AGAINST MALARIA
• 1800s

  •CHARLES LOUIS LAVERAN- FRENCH SURGEON, DISCOVERED PARASITES IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA AND STARTED TO COMPREHEND THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE.

  •RONALD ROSS- DISCOVER THAT THE MALARIAL PARASITES COULD BE TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES AND PATIENT WOULD GET INFECTED BY THE PARASITES THROUGH MOSQUITO BITES.
• industrialization period

  EDWIN CHADWICK- SECRETARY OF THE ENGLAND’S POOR LAW COMMISSION

  HE REVEALED THE COMMISSION’S STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE AND CAUSATION OF PREVENTABLE   DISEASES, PARTICULARLY OF THE WORKING POOR IN ENGLAND. IT LED THE WAY TO REFORM  THE BENEFITED WORKING CLASS.
• •DR. JOHN SNOW- THE FATHER OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, WAS ABLE TO TRACE THE SOURCE OF CHOLERA.

  •FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE- HELPED PUSH FOR THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF NURSES.

  •LILIAN WALD- INTRODUCED THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING.

  •ROBERT KOCH- DEVELOPED THE FIELD OF BACTERIOLOGY.

  •LOUIS PASTEUR-  DISCOVERED KILLING BACTERIA IN MILK WHICH IS KNOWN AS PASTEURIZATION.

  •JONAS SALK AND ALBERT SABIN- DEVELOPED POLIO VACCINE.
• Philippines

  •ESTABLISHED THE BOARD OF HEALTH FOR THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

  •REPLACED BY THE BUREAU OF HEALTH

  •AND RENAMED AS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE.

  •DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AT PRESENT

  •SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL- DISPENSARY ORGANIZED BY FRANCISCAN PRIEST.

  •UNIVERSITY OF STO.TOMAS- BECAME THE FIRST MEDICAL SCHOOL IN THE COUNTRY.

  •MEDICOS TITULARES- ORGANIZED BY THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT WHICH IS TODAY’S EQUIVALENT OF OUR PROVINCIAL HEALTH WORKER.

  •WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1948 AFTER THE WORLD WAR 2
• 1978

  •DECLARATION OF ALMA- ALTA ON PRIMARY HEALTH CARE:  

  “ HEALTH IS A HUMAN RIGHT”

  “HEALTH  FOR ALL” BY THE YEAR 2000

                                                                                    DEPLORED THE WIDENING GAP BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND    DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• 1982

  UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF) CAME UP WITH WHAT IS KNOWN AS GOBI STRATEGY.

  GOBI: GROWTH MONITORING, ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY, BREASTFEEDING AND IMMUNIZATION

  GOBI- FFF: FAMILY PLANNING, FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION AND FEMALE LITERACY
• emerging diseases

  AIDS ( ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME)- 20TH CENTURY

  •SARS ( SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)- 2003

  •SWINE FLU- 1998

  •AVIAN FLU (AH5N1)- 1997

  •EBOLA VIRUS- 1976, DISCOVERED BY PETER PIOT
• future of public health

  OVER THE COURSE OF PAST CENTURY, PUBLIC HEALTH HAS GROWN BOTH IN DEPTH AND BREADTH. TODAY IT ADDRESSES A WIDE RANGE OF ISSUES, FROM ALL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, CHRONIC DISEASES, VIOLENCE; INJURY PREVENTION; BIRTH DEFECTS AND BIOTERRORISM. ITS PRACTITIONERS ARE NOW VARIED, THE FIELD ALSO EMBRACES A WIDE RANGE OF PROFESSIONALS IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. INDEED, PUBLIC HEALTH CONTINUES TO EVOLVE AS IT RESPONDS TO THE DYNAMIC CHANGES IN SOCIETY, BOTH AT THE LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVELS”