Biology

• are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?


  eukaryotic
• What does saprophytic mean?


  the organism feeds off of dead or decaying organic matter
• Fungi are formed by _________ (filaments).


  hyphae
• What is the name of the part of a fungus visible to the naked eye?


  mycelium
• Hyphae that extend into a mold's substrate are called ________.


  rhizoids
• Hyphae that extend upwards are called _____________.

  sporangiophores
• What is the tip of a sporangiophore called?


  a sporangium
• Where are fungal spores formed?


  in the sporangia
• Give four examples of fungal diseases.


  dandruff, ringworm, athlete's foot, candida
• Give an example of a fungal disease found in plants.


  rust
• In order for a virus to enter a host cell, the cell must have the correct _________ __________.

  receptor proteins
• What are the two ways in which a virus is released by its host cell?


  lysis or budding
• What does HIV stand for?


  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What are the three enzymes found in an HI virus that enable it to replicate in its host cell?


  reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease
• Does HIV contain RNA or DNA in its core?


  RNA
• What type of cell does the HI virus attack?


  CD4 cells
• What is the function of reverse transcriptase?


  To convert viral RNA into DNA
• What is the function of integrase?


  To integrate the viral DNA with the host cell DNA
• What is the function of protease?


  To assemble the viral particles and create a fully functioning virus
• What is the purpose of the HI virus having an envelope made of the host cell's membrane?


  It acts as camouflage so that the HI virus is not detected by the host's immune system
• What are the five main bodily fluids that are capable of transmitting HIV?


  semen, blood, vaginal secretions, breast-milk, rectal secretions
• What does MTCT stand for?


  mother to child transmission
• Name three ways in which MTCT of HIV can be reduced to 1%?


  HIV treatment during pregnancy, having a caesarean delivery, not breast-feeding
• What are the three main ways in which HIV is transmitted from person to person?


  sexual intercourse, mother to child transmission, sharing of intravenous needs or sharp objects
• Describe two characteristics of the period of acute infection of the HI virus.


  The person would have an extremely high viral load and would be highly infectious
• What is meant by the window period?


  The period of time between infection and the body having enough HIV antibodies to produce a positive HIV test
• What are three examples of opportunistic diseases characteristic of HIV?


  tuberculosis, candida (oral thrush) and pneumonia
• How long can the asymptomatic stage of HIV last?


  6 months to 10 years
• What is a normal CD4 cell count?


  800 - 1200 cells per mm³ of blood
• What does AIDS stand for?


  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• What is the CD4 cell count of someone who has AIDS?


  200 cells per mm³ of blood or less
• If a person has aids, their viral load is very _______ and they have one or more of the ____________ diseases characteristic of AIDS.


  high, opportunistic
• What does ARV stand for?


  Antiretroviral
• What do ARVs do?


  They reduce the viral load and prolong the life of a person who is HIV positive
• What is the unabbreviated form of NRTI's?


  Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
• What is the function of an NRTI?


  To prevent RNA from being converted into DNA by reverse-transcriptase
• What is the unabbreviated form of PI's?

  Protease Inhibitors
• What is the function of a PI?


  It prevents protease from assembling the viral particles within the host cell
• Why do some people not use ARVs?


  Side effects, drug resistance, ease of use, expense
• What is the function of an Entry Inhibitor (a type of ARV)?


  It prevents the host cell receptors from accepting the HI virus