Cells

• Movement: An action by and organism causing a change of position or place
• Respiration: The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy
• Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to change in the environment
• Growth: A permanent increase in size
• Reproduction: The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
• Excretion: Removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess requirements
• Nutrients: Taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development
• Characteristics of all living organisms: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrients
• Unicellular: Made of just a single cell Example - Bacteria and yeast
• Light microscope: Uses light to form an image and magnifies up to 1500 times
• Micrograph: Picture made using a microscope
• Photomicrograph: A picture made using a light microscope
• Electron Microscope: A microscope that uses electrons instead of light to form an image and can magnify up to 500000 times
• Electron Micrographs: A picture made using an electron microscope
• Cell Membrane: Thin layer of protein and fat, controls what goes in and out of the cell.
• The cell membrane is partially permeable meaning it will let some substances in, but not others.
• Cell Wall: All plant cells have a cell wall made mainly from cellulose.
• Cellulose forms fibers that criss-cross over each other to form a strong covering over the cell.
• Cell walls help to protect and support the cell. If the cell absorbs a lot of water, the cell wall will prevent it from bursting.
• Because of the spaces between the fibers, large molecules are able to go through the cellulose cell wall making it fully permeable.
• Cytoplasm: A clear jelly made from about 70% water
• Many substances are dissolved in the cytoplasm, especially proteins.
• Many metabolic (chemical) reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
• Vacuole: A space in the cell surrounded by a membrane and contains a solution
• Plants have very large vacuoles which contain a solutions of sugars and other substances, called cell sap.
• A full vacuole presses out on the rest of the cell, creating it's shape.
• Animal cells have much smaller membrane-bound spaces called vesicles, which contain nutrients and water.
• Chloroplasts: Never in animal cells, the green parts of plants contain them.
• Chloroplasts contain a green coloring or pigment called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight and then energy is used for making food for the plant through photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts often contain starch grains which have been made by photosynthesis.
• Animal cells never contain starch grains, however they do have granules (tiny grains) of another substance similar to starch called glycogen. These granules are found in the cytoplasm.
• Nucleus: Where genetic information is stored
• The nucleus helps to make the right sorts of proteins.
• Nucleus information is kept on the chromosomes, which are inherited from the organism's parents.
• Chromosomes are made of DNA.
• Root hair cells: Near the ends of plant roots and absorb mineral ions and water.
• Palisade mesophyll cell: Beneath the epidermis of the leaf and is where photosynthesis occurs
• Red blood cells: in the blood of mammals and transports oxygen
• Sperm and egg cells: in the testes and ovaries and are the male and female gametes that fuse together and make a zygote