Social Science

• NPP 2000

  • Mandatory free education up to 14 years of age
  • reducing infant mortality rates to below 30/1000 live births
  • regular vaccination
  • delayed marriage for girls
  • made it a people centred scheme
• Powers of the PM

  • chairs cabinet meetings
  • all ministers work under him
  • his decisions are final in case a disagreement arises between departments
  • PM distributes work to the ministers
  • most powerful in the cabinet
  • has powers to dismiss any minister
  • exercises general supervision of different ministers
• India is the 7th largest country, and occupies 2.4% of the area in the world.
• land boundary of India is 15,200 km

  total length of coastline including islands: 7,517.6 km
• Most devastating famine in INDIA: Bengal famine of 1943 which killed 30 lakhs people and affected agricultural labourers, fisherman, transport workers etc. 
• SEASONAL HUNGER

  when you are fed for specific months of the year and when you starve for the rest. It does not last a lifetime.

  CHRONIC HUNGER

  Lasts for the entire life, inability to buy even one square meal per day. (does not have inadequate diet)
• in 2000 two special schemes were launched

  Antyodaya (poorest of the poor) and Annapurna (senior citizens)
• Continentality: The difference of the climatic conditions due to a large water body either being present or not being present is called continentality. For example while it is winter in Delhi or the northern areas of India, Chennai and other coastal areas experience little to no change in climate because of the water body; sea mediating the temperature, when it is hot in chennai the sea neutralises the effects due to the water present hence making it humid and when it is cold the water is what turns cold providing a pleasant atmosphere.
• Mango showers refer to the pre-monsoon period in India specifically, summers. When the humid air provides enough moisture and heat to the raw mangoes they start ripening creating a mass production of mangoes, hence the term ‘mango showers’.
• Weather is the current ‘temperature’ or atmosphere that can change any moment and is unpredictable. While climate is determined per a specific region and is monitored for around 30 years, if the specific weather persists then it will be called a ‘climate’.
• In 1914 Russia was ruled by an aristocrat named Tsar Nicholas the Second. Back in the day Russia included: Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, Parts of Poland, Azerbaijan, Finland and some Asian states as well, Georgia and Armenia.
• Sovereign: Only the citizens of India have the supreme right to make decisions in the internal and external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.
• We, the people of India: The constitution has been drawn and enacted by the people through representatives. It has not been handed down by a King or any outside power.
• Socialist: Wealth is generated socially and must be shared equally by the society. Government should regulate the ownership of the land to reduce the economic inequalities.
• On the midnight of 26th April 1994 the new flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfurled.
• Apartheid was the system in which people were segregated on the basis of their colour and race. The apartheid system was specifically oppressive on the blacks.  They had been forbidden from entering the white’s property, to enter they must have a permit allowed by a white.
• Nelson Mandela, was one of the freedom fighters involved in the freedom of South Africa. His protests were so influential that the whites considered him as a threat to their reign, hence, imprisoning him for 28 years in the most dreaded island of South Africa, Robben Island.
• after the 9/11 attack all the suspects were held hostage in Guantanamo Bay
• constitutional remedy is a fundamental right which tells the citizen that if he/she experience any of the 5 fundamental rights violated, they can go to the court.
• The supplies of the industrial goods were cut off by the Germans who controlled the Baltic sea, in 1916 railway lines began to break down, food scarcity had begun due to most of the grains and rice being sent to the army.
• There were 2 teams central powers (Germany, turkey and Austria) and allied powers (Russia, France, Britain and later joined by Italy and Romania.)
• Bloody Sunday was led by father Gapon where 100 were killed and 300 were wounded because of attacking the winter palace. And this led to many walkouts by lawyers, doctors, university students etc to state how their liberties were limited and all these people came together and created a Union Of Unions.
• One of the Cooperative believers Robert Owen (1771-1858) built a cooperative community named New Harmony In Indiana (USA).
• Equal distribution of resources is known as socialism.
• Peninsular Rivers:

  • They are seasonal
  • Originate from Western Ghats
  • Lot more slower and shallower
  • Carry little to not depositions due to low speed
  • Eg: Kaveri, Godavari, Chambal
• Himalayan Rivers:

  • They are perennial 
  • Originate from the Himalayas
  • Are deeper and faster than the Peninsular rivers
  • Carry a lot of silt, gravel and depositions to the plains
  • Eg: Brahmaputra, Ganga, Indus
• ganga flows till Farakka in West Bengal before it gets divided into Hooghly and Meghna
• Estuaries are the points where the river water meets and mixes with the ocean.
• Godavari is known as Dakshin Ganga
• Sabarmati is one of the major tributaries of the river Tapti which originates in the Aravallis and flows through Gujarat and empties itself into the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay).
• The Narmada River originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh and flows through Gujarat and Maharashtra before emptying itself into the Arabian Sea at Bhavnagar.
• Tapi or Tapti is an important river that rises in the Satpura Range of Central India and flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat before entering the Arabian Sea near Surat.