Fitness and Body Systems (PAPER 1)

• Define flat bones(include examples)

  Protect internal organs and allows muscle attachment(ribs)
• Define long bones(examples)

  Strong and are used by muscles to assist movement(humerus)
• Define short bones(examples)

  support weight of body, they are weight-bearing(tarsals)
• Define irregular bones(examples)

  protection and muscles attachment(vertebrae)
• What are the functions of the skeleton?

  -Support

  -Protection

  -Movement

  -Mineral storage

  -Making blood cells/platelets
• Flat bones

  -cranium

  -sternum

  -scapula

  -pelvis
• Short bones

  -carpals

  -tarsals
• Long bones

  -clavicle

  -humerus

  -ulna

  -radius

  -femur

  -fibula

  -tibia

  -metacarpals

  -phalanges

  -metatarsals
• Vertebrae order

  Cervical

  Thoracic

  Lumbar

  Sacrum

  Coccyx
• flexion

  closing a joint
• extension

  opening a joint
• adduction


  moving towards the centre line of your body
• abduction

  moving away from the centre line of your body
• rotation

  clockwise or anticlockwise movement
• circumduction

  movement of a hand, foot or limb in a circular motion
• plantar-flexion

  extension at the ankle
• dorsi-flexion

  flexion at the ankle
• cartilage

  acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
• ligaments

  hold bones together to help maintain the stability of the skeleton during movement
• tendons

  attaches muscle to bones (or to other muscles)to allows bones to move when muscles contract
• voluntary muscles

  attach to the skeleton and are under your control and help to move the body
• involuntary muscles

  work internal organs without effort from you
• voluntary muscles

  biceps

  triceps

  pectoralis major

  hip flexors

  gluteus maximus

  deltoid

  latissimus dorsi

  hamstrings

  quadriceps

  gastrocnemius

  tibialis anterior

  external obliques
• muscles that contracts to do the movement

  agonist
• muscle that relaxes

  antagonist
• antagonistic pairs at the knee

  hamstrings and quadriceps
• antagonistic pairs at the elbow

  biceps and triceps
• antagonistic pairs at the hip

  hip flexors and gluteus maximus
• antagonistic pairs at the ankle

  gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
• type I fibres

  suited to low intensity aerobic work, can be used for a long time without fatigue
• type IIA

  used in anearobic work but can be improved using endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue
• type IIX

  used in anaerobic exercise and can generate a much bigger force than all the other fibres however they fatigue quicker. useful in short bursts
• what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

  -transportation of substances

  -clotting of wounds

  -temperature control
• arteries

  carry blood away from the heart

  all arteries carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery

  they have thick walls to help them withstand high pressure
• veins

  carry blood towards the heart

  all veins carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary vein

  have thin walls because they carry blood with less pressure
• capillaries

  carry blood through the body to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

  have very thin walls so substances can easily pass through
• vascular shunting

  redistribution of blood whilst exercising to increase oxygen supply to working muscles

  -when you exercise arteries widen to stop you from getting high blood pressure

  -blood supply that would normally go to the gut and liver is shunted

  -this is done by the blood cells in the working muscles widening to let more blood in(vasodilation)

  -or blood cells in the inactive organs narrowing to restrict the amount of blood flow(vasoconstriction)
• components of blood and their task

  red blood cells-carry oxygen around the body

  white blood cells-fight against disease

  platelets-help to clot blood

  plasma-carries everything in the bloodstream
• respiratory system

  trachea

  bronchi

  bronchioles

  alveoli
• what kind of muscle is the diaphragm

  intercostal