PAG 5- synthesis of an organic liquid

• What is the first step in the synthesis of a haloalkane?

  Pour 6.5 cm³ of 2-methylpropan-2-ol
• Why do you weigh the measuring cylinder with its contents?

  To determine the mass of 2-methylpropan-2-ol used
• What is the volume of hydrochloric acid used in the reaction?

  20 cm³
• What should you do after adding hydrochloric acid to the separating funnel?

  Shake it vigorously for 20 minutes
• What is the first step in the separation part of the synthesis?

  Allow the mixture to separate
• What do you do after removing the aqueous layer?

  Add 10 cm³ of 5% sodium hydrogencarbonate
• Why is it important to release pressure when shaking the funnel?

  To prevent the mixture from exploding
• What should you do after shaking the mixture in the funnel?

  Allow the mixture to separate again
• What is the purpose of adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate?

  To remove water from the organic layer
• What is the next step after adding magnesium sulfate?

  Filter the solution through filter paper
• What should you do with the organic sample in distillation?

  Add anti-bumping granules
• What temperature range should you collect liquid impurities during distillation?

  Below 48°C
• What is the heating duration for the flask during distillation?

  15-20 minutes
• What should you do when the temperature reaches 48°C?

  Collect the liquid from the condenser
• What should you do after collecting the distillate?

  Add saturated sodium chloride solution
• What is the purpose of adding anhydrous calcium chloride?

  To remove traces of water
• How do you determine the percentage yield of cyclohexene?

  Calculate mass of dry cyclohexene produced
• What does bromine water test for in the distillate?

  Presence of an alkene
• What happens to bromine water if an alkene is present?

  It will be decolourised
• What should be used to heat the mixture if flammable substances are present?

  A water bath or electric heater
• What do anti-bumping granules prevent during boiling?

  Large bubbles from forming
• Why should the condenser be tilted down slightly?

  To allow liquid to run into the collection flask
• Where should the bulb of the thermometer be placed?

  At the T junction connecting to the condenser
• How should water flow through the condenser?

  Enter at the lowest point, leave at the highest
• Why must the collection flask not be sealed to the condenser?

  To allow air to escape during heating
• What is the hazard associated with 2-methylpropan-2-ol?

  Highly flammable liquid
• What precautions should be taken when handling concentrated hydrochloric acid?

  Wear goggles and gloves
• What is the hazard associated with phosphoric acid?

  Causes severe skin burns
• What should you do when using the separating funnel?

  Ensure the stopper is firmly held
• What are the key points to remember during the synthesis of a haloalkane?

  • Use a water bath or electric heater for flammable substances.
  • Anti-bumping granules prevent vigorous boiling.
  • Tilt the condenser down for liquid collection.
  • Thermometer bulb should be at the T junction.
  • Water must flow in at the lowest point.
  • Collection flask must not be sealed to the condenser.
• What safety precautions should be taken when handling chemicals in this experiment?

  • Wear a lab coat, safety goggles, and gloves.
  • Handle concentrated hydrochloric acid in a fume cupboard.
  • Ensure the stopper in the separating funnel is secure.