Memory L6: Retrieval Failure- explanation for forgetting

• What does retrieval failure imply when cues are not available?

  It appears that information is forgotten
• What is the encoding specificity principle (ESP)?

  Cues must be present at encoding and retrieval
• What did Tulving find regarding cues in memory recall?

  Cues must match at encoding and retrieval
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  Recall depends on external cues present
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  Recall depends on internal cues present
• Who conducted research on context-dependent forgetting in 1975?

  Godden and Baddeley
• What was the procedure in Godden and Baddeley's 1975 study?

  • Studied deep sea divers
  • Learned words underwater or on land
  • Recalled words underwater or on land
  • Four conditions based on learning and recall environments
• What were the four conditions in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Learning and recalling on land or underwater
• What was the finding regarding accurate recall in non-matching conditions?

  Accurate recall was 40% lower
• What does the finding from Godden and Baddeley's study suggest?

  Different cues at learning and recall cause failure
• Who conducted research on state-dependent forgetting in 1998?

  Carter and Cassaday
• What was the procedure in Carter and Cassaday's 1998 study?

  • Gave antihistamine drugs to participants
  • Participants learned words and prose
  • Recalled information under different drug conditions
  • Four conditions based on drug state during learning and recall
• What was the finding regarding performance when there was a mismatch in internal state?

  Performance was significantly worse
• What does the finding from Carter and Cassaday's study indicate about cues?

  Absence of cues leads to more forgetting
• What are the real-world applications of retrieval cues?

  • Help overcome forgetting in daily life
  • Returning to original environment aids recall
  • Strategies can improve memory retrieval
• What supports the retrieval failure explanation?

  • Research by Carter, Cassaday, McGeoch, McDonald
  • Lack of relevant cues leads to forgetting
  • Eysenck and Keane argue it's a main reason for forgetting
• What does Baddeley argue about context effects in everyday life?

  Context effects are not very strong
• What did Godden and Baddeley find in their 1980 replication study?

  No context-dependent effect in recognition tests
• What does the replication study suggest about retrieval failure?

  It only applies to recall, not recognition