Organic Chemistry

• Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (-C=O) attached to two carbon atoms.
• Alkanes general formula


  CnH2n+2
• Alkenes General formula


  CnH2n
• Alkynes General Formula


  CnH2n-2
• Halogenoalkanes general formula


  CnH2nX
• Alcohols General formula


  CnH2n+1 OH
• Alkanes undergo combustion and form?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• Alkanes undergo Free Radical Substitution and form?

  Halogenoalkanes
• What are the reagents for the combustion of alkanes?

  Oxygen
• What are the reagents, conditions and products for free radical substitution of Alkanes

  Reagent: X2 (Halogen: Cl2, I2, Br2, F) Conditions: UV light Product: Halogenoalkanes
• Alkenes Addition Reaction with the reagents Hydrogen what are the conditions and products?


  Conditions: Heat and Platinum or Nickel
• Alkenes Addition Reaction with the reagent Hydrogen Halide form?


  Halogenoalkanes
• How can we form alcohol form alkenes

  Addition Reaction, adding steam and a catalyst of phosphoric acid at high temperatures and pressure
• Name the process of forming a halogenoalkanes from alkenes

  Electrophilic Addition
• What does the oxidation of an alkene form?


  Diol
• What are the reagents and conditions of the oxidation of alkenes

  Cold Dilute Acidified potassium manganate
• What is a diol


  A compound containing two hydroxyl (OH) groups.
• How can we form a halogenoalkane from an alcohol


  Substitution Reaction ( By substituting the OH group by the halogen-X)
• How do we form an alcohol from halogenoalkanes? Mention the reagents and conditions in your answer


  Nucleophilic substitution using an aqueous alkali (eg. NaOH) using heat
• Organic compounds


  Compounds containing carbon-hydrogen bonds

  
• Ways to display organic compounds

  • Molecular formula
  • Structural formula
  • Skeletal formula
  • Displayed formula

  
• Homologous series

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Halogenoalkanes
  • Alcohols
  • Aldehydes
  • Ketones
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Esters
  • Amines
  • Nitriles
  • Arenes
  • Halogenoarenes
  • Phenols
  • Acyl chlorides
  • Amides
  • Amino acids

  
• Homologous series


  A group of compounds with the same functional group, with successive members differing by -CH2

  
• Naming organic compounds

  1. Identify the longest carbon chain

  2. Identify the functional group

  3. Count along the carbon chain so the functional group has the lowest number

  4. Add prefixes for side chains and other functional groups in alphabetical order

  5. Use prefixes di-, tri- and tetra- for multiple identical functional groups or side chains

  
• Naming organic compounds

  • 3-ethyl-5-methylhexanol
  • Butan-2,3-diol
  • Benzene-1,3-diol
  • 4-nitrobenzoic acid

  
• Functional group


  A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of an organic compound

  
• Homolytic fission


  The splitting of a covalent bond where each atom retains one electron from the bonding pair
• Heterolytic fission


  The splitting of a covalent bond where one atom retains both electrons from the bonding pair
• Free radical


  An uncharged molecule with an unpaired electron
• Initiation


  An initial chemical reaction which triggers further reactions
• Propagation


  A secondary reaction where there is no net gain or loss of free radicals
• Termination


  The final step in a chain reaction where a reactive intermediate is rendered inactive
• Nucleophile


  A molecule or substance that donates electrons
• Electrophile


  A molecule or substance that acts as an electron pair acceptor
• Addition


  A reaction where two or more molecules react to form a larger molecule
• Substitution


  A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group
• Elimination


  A reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in a mechanism with one or two steps
• Hydrolysis


  The splitting up of a compound or molecule using water
• Condensation


  The formation of a compound with the release of water
• Oxidation


  Loss of electrons