biology quiz

• Linnaeus developed a classification system based on similar characteristics, assigning organisms into specific groups (taxa) with specific names called binomial nomenclature
• There are 7 taxa in the classification system, not counting domain
• Organisms are placed in the same species if they can mate and reproduce fertile offspring
• A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms over time based on physical characteristics
• Phylogenetic Trees are based on genetic differences and show ancestral lineage and descendants over time
• Prokaryotes:

  • Evolved 1st
  • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • Include bacteria
• Eukaryotes:

  • Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • MUCH larger cells than prokaryotes
  • Include animals, plants, fungi, protists
• Autotrophs:

  • Organism that produces its own food
  • Use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
• Heterotrophs:

  • Organism that does not make its own food
  • Eats other organisms to get protein and energy
• Kingdom Animalia:

  • Humans are a part of the Kingdom Animalia
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Cannot make their own food, heterotrophs
  • Most animals are motile (move around independently)
  • Cell membrane, no cell wall
• Prokaryotic Kingdoms:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
• Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Autotrophic Kingdoms:

  • Protists
  • Plants
• Heterotrophic Kingdoms:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Fungi
  • Animals
• Kingdoms with JUST a cell membrane:

  • Protists
  • Animals
• Kingdoms with a cell membrane AND cell wall:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Fungi
  • Plants
• Unicellular Kingdoms:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protists
• Multicellular Kingdoms:

  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Kingdom Plantae:

  • Includes all land plants: Mosses, ferns, grass, trees, flowering plants, etc.
  • Autotrophs, make their own food through Photosynthesis
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotic, cells have a nucleus
  • Cell wall and cell membrane
  • Plants give us oxygen to breathe and provide food and habitat for many species of animals
• Kingdom Fungi:

  • Decompose dead matter, continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems
  • Most plants could not grow without the fungi
  • Provide numerous drugs (Penicillin, and other antibiotics), and foods like mushrooms, yeast, beer, etc.
  • Eukaryotic, cells have a nucleus
  • Have a cell wall and some cell membrane
  • Both Unicellular (Yeasts) and Multicellular (molds, mushrooms, etc.)
  • Heterotrophic, get their nutrients from other living things
  • Use external digestion, secrete digestive enzymes that dissolve their food, and then absorb the nutrients they need from the environment
• Kingdom Protista:

  • Form a group of organisms that really do not fit into any other kingdom
  • Live in moist environments
  • Eukaryotic, cells have a nucleus
  • Most are unicellular
  • Most can move
  • Some are autotrophs, others are heterotrophs
  • Have cell wall and some have cell membrane
• Kingdom Archaebacteria:

  • Prokaryotic, cells do not have a nucleus
  • All organisms are unicellular
  • Found in extreme environments, extremophiles
  • Include both autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • Have cell wall and cell membrane
• Kingdom Eubacteria:

  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic, cells have no nucleus
  • Cells are far simpler and more basic than the cells of other life forms
  • Consist of both autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • Oldest life forms on Earth, and the ancestors of all the other types of life that have since evolved
  • Help us digest food, break down waste, and make products like yogurt and cheese
  • Some are pathogens, organisms that cause sickness, such as streptococcus, and salmonella
  • Have cell wall and cell membrane
• Levels of Organization:

  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Body Systems
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• All living organisms respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis

  • Example: Your pupils dilate in the dark
• All living organisms maintain homeostasis

  • Maintain stable internal conditions in a changing environment
  • Example: Shivering to maintain body temperature
• All living organisms take in/transform energy from the environment

  • Example:
  • Plants use the sun’s energy to produce sugar (Autotrophs)
  • Humans consume animals and plants for energy (Heterotrophs)
• All living organisms grow and develop over time

  • Growth itself is not enough, development is key
  • Grow = get bigger
  • Development = mature and change
  • Organisms need both growth and development
• All living organisms can reproduce and make new organisms

  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
  • Example:
  • Animals produce offspring by combining their DNA
  • Budding with plants through growth from a bud
• All living organisms can adapt to their environment over time (Evolution)

  • Populations of organisms can withstand environmental change to survive and evolve over time
  • Example: Horses look different now compared to long ago
• Cladograms show what about individual organisms:

  • Cladograms show the evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Phylogenetic trees show what about individual organisms:

  • Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms
• The phrase to help remember the different taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive:

  • The phrase is "Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup" (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
• Dichotomous key:

  • A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of organisms in the natural world based on the organism's characteristics
  • "Dichotomous" means divided into two parts
  • Dichotomous keys always give two distinct choices in each step, often they are opposites like Black/White, Good/Evil, Pointed/Rounded
• There are three principal domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
• scientific method make observations, form a hypothesis, perform experiments, record and analyze data, draw conclusions, repeat experiments, publish results
• metric system

  time- seconds. temperature- Celsius length- meters mass- grams volume- liters,
• mix- manipulated, independent variable, x-axis
• dry- dependent, responding, y-axis
• phylogeny- the evolutionary history of an organism