Psych

• Erogenous zone for pleasure and gratification during the oral stage is the MOUTH
• Narcissistic behavior characterized by self-love
• Behaviors during the oral stage include: dependency, eating, crying, biting, sucking
• Primary conflict during oral stage is weaning
• Tasks during the oral stage include: mastery of gratification of oral needs and beginning of ego development
• Desired outcome of the oral stage is the development of trust in the environment with the realization that needs can be met
• Possible personality traits associated with fixation at the oral stage: passivity, gullibility, dependence, use of sarcasm, development of orally focused habits like nail biting and smoking
• Anus is the site of tension and sensual gratification
• Terrible twos is a stage of development around 2-3 years old
• Pleasure in anal stage is derived through the elimination or retention of feces
• Behaviors in this stage include control (defiance) or letting go
• Primary conflict during this stage is toilet training
• Cues to readiness for toilet training:

  • Can stand alone
  • Can walk steadily
  • Can keep themselves dry for at least 2 hours
  • Can demonstrate awareness of defecating and voiding
  • Is able to use words and gestures regarding toilet training and toilet needs
  • Has a desire to please the primary caregiver
• Age at which toilet training is achieved:

  • Bowel control at 18 months
  • Daytime bladder control at 2 1/2 years
  • Nighttime bladder control at 3 years
• Possible personality traits:

  • Fixation associated with anal retentiveness: stinginess, rigid thought processes/patterns, frugality
  • Anal expulsive character: messiness, destructiveness, cruelty, temper tantrums
• Phallic stage occurs between 3 to 6 years old
• Genital region is a source of pleasure and an erogenous zone
• Behaviors include:

  • Touching of genitals (masturbation)
  • Erotic attachment to the parent of the opposite sex
  • Sexual identity with the parent of the same sex
• Beginning of super ego development
• Boys develop castration anxiety during this stage
• Major conflict is the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls
• Unresolved outcomes may lead to difficulties with sexual identity and authority figures
• Fixation in this stage can manifest as masturbation
• Latency stage lasts from 6 to 12 years old
• Characterized by expanding peer relationships
• Libidinal energy is not focused on any specific area in the body
• Libido is directed towards school, home, organization activities, hobbies, and relationships with peers
• This stage is a time for increased intellectual activity
• Children in this stage are very modest and may refuse to expose their bodies for physical examination
• Significant others during this stage are typically schoolmates and neighbors
• Fixation during this stage may lead to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
• Boys develop castration anxiety in the phallic stage
• In the latent stage, libidinal energy is not focused on any one area in the body
• Libido is channeled into school, home, organization activities, hobbies, and relationships with peers in the latent stage
• This stage is characterized by an increase in intellectual activity
• Individuals in the latent stage are very modest and refuse to expose their bodies for physical examination
• Significant others during this stage are typically schoolmates and neighbors
• The beginning of super ego development is in the phallic stage
• Beginning of super ego development is in the phallic stage