Chapter 1

• Receptors


  Stimulated by changes in the body, send information to an integrating center to detect changes from a set point
• Integrating Center


  A particular region of the brain or spinal cord, could also be a group of cells in an endocrine gland
• Effectors


  Receive information from integrating center, facilitate action
• Positive Feedback


  Action of effectors amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors
• Intrinsic Regulation


  "Built-in," organs regulate themselves
• Extrinsic Regulation


  Regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems
• Negative Feedback Inhibition


  Secretion of a hormone can be inhibited by its own effects. (Insulin lowers blood glucose, lowering of blood glucose inhibits further insulin secretion). Closed-loop control system.
• Striated Muscle


  Cells exhibit cross banding because of the arrangement of thick and thin filaments
• Nerve Tissue


  Neurons, neuroglia
• Neuroglia


  Provide the neurons with structural support and perform a variety of functions needed for normal physiology of nervous system. Also a binding agent.
• Neurons


  Composed of cell body, dendrites, and axons
• Epithelial Tissue


  Cells that form membranes and glands
• Exocrine glands


  Secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane and thus to the outside of a body surface
• Endocrine


  Secrete hormones into the blood
• Squamous


  Flattened epithelial cells
• Cuboidal


  Epithelial cells that are as wide as they are tall
• Columnar


  Epithelial cells are taller than they are wide
• Goblet Cells


  Dispersed among columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus. Unicellular.
• Simple Epithelia


  Membranes only one cell layer thick, transport between internal and external
• Stratified Epithelia


  Membranes composed of a number of cell layers, provide protection
• Types of Connective Tissue


  Proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
• Stem Cell Occurrences

  Red bone marrow, hair follicles, brain, skeletal muscle, and intestine