Retroviridae plant

• has a shape of, sherical, has +SSRNA, linear + diploid, and eveloped.
• what is the viral strategies?

  Ribosomal frameshifting

  alternative splicing

  reverse transcription

  accessory proteins

  life cycle
• the viral genome will integrate with the host genome, and altrenative splicing allows fr translation of 3' ORF generating 4kb class RNAs and 2 class
• Replication cycle- has two routes of entry fusion at plasma membrane or endocytosis, but both need SU binding to CD4 receptors eith the co-stimulation of CCR5 ( macrophages) and CCR4 (t-cells)

  the binding causes a conformational change allowing for the fusion peptides to be revealed
• Reverse transcription will start immediately ( still in capsid in the host cell) then proviral DNA in important into the nucleus and integrated via integrase into the host genome ( can translate its self)
• +SSRNA via reverse transcriptase becomes -SSDNA then with DNA polymerase becomes dsDNA then with RNA polymerase becomes +mRNA

  to go from dsDNA to +SSRNA RNA polymerase is used.
• Accessory protein : VPU which is analogous for NA ( needed for egression)

  Rev19 - is a regulator of the expresion of virion that tallows the export and translation of non/partially spliced mRNA ( 9) , (4). will contain reverse response elements to alow for exporting RRS, exportin RanGTP
• portals of entry are

  conjunctiva- thin membrane protecting the eyes - herpes simplex 1

  Respiratory tract- influenza

  GI tract - oral-fecal, food/water polio

  urogenital tract sexually transmitted diseases HPV

  skin abrasions- injury hepc

  arthropod- tick zika

  surgical, transplants and transfusions HIV
• localized infections are those restrictied to only one part of the body - rhinovirus
• Systmeic infection will spread arounf the body rabies.
• Abortive infection outcomes is when it infects tissue/cells but no replication occurs
• Acute infection is when the infection will produce virions but is followed by complete elimination of the virus by the immune system
• Persistent infections, also known as chronic. no resolved by immune system so virions and viral genomes are produced at low levels for long time
• Transforming infections are oncolytic, tummorgensus
• R NAUGHT numbers is the number of cases on average an infected person will infect /cause more infection
• plant viruses' route of entry

  1. vegatative propagation materials and grafting
  2. mechanical transmission
  3. vertical transmission
  4. biological vectors
  5. humans
• how is a virus in plants detected?

  • biological methods are traditional and based in infectability
  • protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • nucleic acid-based PCR, qPCR
• how to control plant viruses

  control insect vectors

  produce genes for virus resistance

  cross-protection (like vaccine)

  Certified virus free

  genetic engenierring
• three stages of movement in plants

  Intracellular movement - cytoskeleton

  cell to cell movement by the plasmodesmata

  systemic long distance using the phloem