Cell Organelles

• More than 8.7 million species are living on the planet
• Every single species is composed of a cell, including both single-celled and multicellular organisms
• Cells provide shape, structure, and carry out different functions to keep the entire system active
• Cell contains different functional structures collectively called organelles, involved in various cellular functions
• Cell organelles include both membrane and non-membrane bound organelles, distinct in structures and functions
• Organelles are classified into three categories based on the presence or absence of a membrane
• Organelles without membrane: Cell wall, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum present only in eukaryotic cells
• Double membrane-bound organelles: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast present only in eukaryotic cells
• Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance found between the cell membrane and nucleus, composed of water, organic, and inorganic compounds
• Nucleus is a double-membraned organelle, the control center of cellular activities, and the storehouse of the cell's DNA
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals involved in transporting materials throughout the cell
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy-rich molecules for the cell
• Plastids are large, membrane-bound organelles containing pigments, classified into Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Leucoplasts
• Ribosomes are non-membrane-bound organelles important for protein synthesis in all living cells
• Golgi Apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to targeted destinations
• Microbodies are membrane-bound organelles containing various enzymes and proteins, found in both plant and animal cells
• Cytoskeleton is a network of filamentous proteinaceous structures providing shape and mechanical resistance to the cell
• Cilia and Flagella are hair-like projections outside the cell wall for cell movement
• Centrosome consists of centrioles and plays a role in organizing microtubules and cell division
• Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells, storing nutrients and waste products
• Centrosomes are composed of centrioles and found only in animal cells
• Centrosomes play a major role in organizing the microtubule and cell division
• Chloroplasts are present only in plant cells and contain a green-colored pigment known as chlorophyll
• Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance consisting of water, dissolved nutrients, and waste products of the cell
• Cytoplasm is responsible for the cell's metabolic activities
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous tubules present within the cell's cytoplasm
• Endoplasmic Reticulum forms the skeletal framework of the cell and is involved in detoxification, production of lipids, and proteins
• Golgi apparatus are membrane-bound, sac-like organelles present within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
• Golgi apparatus is mainly involved in secretion and intracellular transport
• Lysosomes are tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes
• Lysosomes help in digestion, removal of wastes, and digesting dead and damaged cells, hence called "suicidal bags"
• Mitochondria are oval-shaped, membrane-bound organelles known as the "Powerhouse of The Cell"
• Mitochondria are the main site of cellular respiration and are involved in storing energy in the form of ATP molecules
• Nucleus is the largest, double membrane-bound organelle containing all the cell's genetic information
• Nucleus controls the activity of the cell, helps in cell division, and controls hereditary characters
• Peroxisomes are membrane-bound cellular organelles present in the cytoplasm, containing the reducing enzyme
• Peroxisomes are involved in the metabolism of lipids and catabolism of long-chain fatty acids