FINALS BIO part 2

• Night terrors are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror.
• Night terrors occur during NREM sleep and are more common in children than adults.
• Most people who sleepwalk, and many of their relatives, have one or more additional sleep difficulties, such as chronic snoring, disordered sleep breathing, bedwetting, and night terrors.
• sleep deprived or under unusual stress.
• sleep sex or “sexsomnia,” in which sleeping people engage in sexual behavior, either with a partner or by masturbation, and do not remember it afterward.
• Sexsomnia poses a threat to romances and marriages.
• The main function of sleep is to reduce a person’s energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food.
• Sleep is also crucial to our brain’s ability to learn and remember.
• REM Sleep is important for memory storage, and consolidating different types of memories
• David Maurice (1998), During sleep, because the corneas are shielded from the air, they deteriorate slightly, and REM shakes the eyeballs back and forth enough to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes which gives a feeling of arousal to the sleeper
• The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories
• Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis:dreams begin with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses.
• Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis: regards dreams as thinking that takes place under unusual conditions, similar to mind-wandering during everyday life.
• Temperature Regulation: The ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.
• Walter B. Cannon: used the word homeostasis to describe temperature control and other biological mechanisms that keep body variables within a specific range
• Homeostatic processes in animals : provide physiological and behavioural responses that keep certain variables within a range that has been set.
• Set point is a single value that the body aims to maintain.
• Negative feedback refers to processes that minimise changes from the set point.
• Allostasisto describe these dynamic shifts, which refer to the adaptive method in which the body alters its set points based on the situation
• Homeostasis is a set of processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range.
• Allostasis is an adjustment of that range, increasing it or decreasing it as circumstances change.
• An average young adult expends approximately 2,600 kilocalories (kcal) per day.
• Basal Metabolism, the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest.
• Poikilothermic "variable heat", means their body temperature matches that of their surroundings.
• "Coldblooded" is the informal term for poikilothermic
• When the air is warmer than our body temperature, we can only cool ourselves by evaporation.
• Several behaviour strategies for temperature regulation include: ● Add or remove garments. ● Increase or decrease physical activity to regulate body temperature. ● To stay warm, gather with others
• Allostasis is the changing of that range to increase or decrease it as conditions change.
• ice crystals tear apart blood vessels and cell membranes, killing us.
• Some insects and fish stock their blood with glycerol and other antifreeze chemicals at the start of the winter.
• Enhanced Muscle Function: Birds and mammals maintain warm muscles consistently, allowing them to stay ready for vigorous activity at all times.
• Optimal Muscle Activity A warmer body temperature, around 37°C (98°F)
• Adaptations for Reproduction: Reproductive cells require a cooler environment.
• Brain Mechanisms ● Primary Control Center ● Temperature Monitoring ● Behavioral Responses ● Integration of Temperature Information ● Localized Control ● Alternative Regulation
• A fever is an increased body temperature that typically indicates the activation of the immune system in response to an infection or disease.
• Fever is typically caused by bacterial and viral infections
• Our body has various physiological mechanisms to maintain constant body temperature, including shivering, sweating, and changes in blood flow. You also rely on behavioral mechanisms, such as finding a cooler or warmer place, adding or removing clothing, and so forth.
• Beavers and other species that live in rivers or lakes drink plenty of water, eat moist foods, and excrete dilute urine.
• gerbils and other desert animals don’t need to drink at all.
• Your posterior pituitary releases the hormone Vasopressin that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. (The term vasopressin comes from vascular pressure.)