M2

• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

  • A group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.
  • specific groups of compounds that are responsible for the properties and characteristics of a molecule.
• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS W/ CARBON-CARBON MULTIPLE BONDS

  Alkene - Have double bonds

  Alkynes - Have triple bonds

  Arene - Have alternation double and single bonds
• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

  • HYDROCARBONS
  • HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
• HYDROCARBONS

  ALIPHATIC

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes

  CYCLIC

  • Cycloalkanes
  • Cycloalkanes

  Aromatic
• ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

  SATURATED

  • single bonds only (ALKANES);
  • contains the maximum number of hydrogen per carbon

  UNSATURATED

  • double bonds (ALKENES) and triple bonds (ALKYNES)
• ALKANES

  • The simplest family of molecules
  • AKA: Paraffins
  • Often described as saturated hydrocarbons
  • Little affinity to other substances and is inert to most most laboratory reagents
  • Can either be a straight chain alkanes (normal alkanes) or branched-chain alkanes.
  • EXAMPLES: Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
• ALKENES

  Sometimes called "olefins"

  Hydrocarbons that contains carbon to carbon double bond

  Occur abundantly in nature

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• ALKYNES

  • Contains triple bonds

  Acetylene: C2H2

  • an alkyne that was once widely used as the starting material for preparation of acetic acid
• CYCLOALKANES (CYCLIC HYDROCARBON)

  • Contain rings of carbon atoms and have the general formula CnH2n
  • Close- ended chain made up of single bonds
• CYCLOALKENES (CYCLIC HYDROCARBON)

  • Open- ended chain containing double bonds
  • GENERAL FORMULA: Cn H2n-2
• AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

  • Refer to the class of compounds that contain six-membered benzene-like rings with three double bonds.
  • Pleasant odor
  • CYCLOHEXANE with ALTERNATING DOUBLE BONDS
• ALCOHOL

  • A compound that has a hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated, sp3-hybridized carbon atom, R-OH
  • Alcohols are classifi ed as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)
• ETHER

  GENERAL FORMULA: R-O-R

  SYMMETRICAL ETHER- both chains attached to

  • central oxygen have the same length

  ASYMMETRICAL/ UNSYMMETRICAL ETHER

  • chains attached to central oxygen vary in length