bacteriology

• Gram staining involves using crystal violet dye followed by iodine solution and then decolorizing with alcohol or acetone.
• Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, molds, and protozoa
• Microorganisms studied in microbiology cannot be seen with the naked eye
• Microbiology is studied because of the ability of microorganisms to cause diseases
• Life on Earth would not survive without microorganisms
• Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek is known as "the Father of Microbiology" and was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist
• Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist known for discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
• Robert Hooke was an English scientist credited with discovering microorganisms using a compound microscope
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance
• Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch discovered the causative agents of diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax
• Frederick Griffith focused on the epidemiology and pathology of bacterial pneumonia
• Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin co-discovered the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague, later named Yersinia pestis
• Edward Jenner pioneered vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine
• Pure Microbiology branches include Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology, Phycology, Immunology, Protozoology, and Nematology
• Applied Microbiology branches include Environmental Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Industrial Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Food & Dairy Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology, Aquatic Microbiology, Aeromicrobiology, and Microbial Genetics
• Acute phase is the early stage of a disease preceding the adaptive phase of the immune response
• An anaerobe is an organism that does not require oxygen for life and reproduction
• Antibody is a protein or immunoglobulin molecule produced in response to a specific antigenic stimulation
• Antigen is a substance that produces sensitivity and initiates an immune response
• Antisepsis is the destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection
• Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the blood
• Bactericidal refers to an antimicrobial that kills a microorganism
• Bacteriocin are proteins produced by some bacteria that inhibit the growth of other strains of the same organism
• Capnophile is a microorganism that grows best in the presence of carbon dioxide
• Disinfection is the removal of disease-causing microbes from an environment
• Disinfectant is a substance used on objects to kill or destroy disease-producing microorganisms
• Etiologic agent is the microorganism causing a disease
• Fastidious organisms are hard to grow and require additional growth factors
• Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet–iodine complex and appear blue-black on Gram-stained smears
• Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the crystal violet complex and are stained red by the safranin counterstain
• Halophilic organisms grow best in media with an increased concentration of NaCl
• Immunocompetent refers to the ability of an immune system to mobilize responses to an antigen
• Immunocompromised describes an individual with deficient immune system function
• Immunosuppression is the state of a suppressed immune system
• Latent phase allows an infection to evolve without external symptoms
• Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperatures
• Microaerophiles grow in conditions of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide
• Microbial load is the total number of organisms present
• Obligate aerobes require oxygen for growth
• Obligate anaerobes can only live and reproduce in a strict anaerobic environment