GDIA

• Mcrobbie (1994): Study of girls magazines, importance or marriage now days its independence.
• Changes in family:

  • divorce rate
  • lone parent households
• Changes in employment: 1970
• Some WC girls: have gender stereotyped aspirations for marriage + children
• Biggant (2002): motherhood only option for WC
• INTERNAL FACTORS:

  • equal opportunities policies
  • national curriculum in 1988 removed one source of gender inequality by making girls and boys study same subjects
• Gender gap in education:

  1. girls more successful in coursework
  2. more organised
  3. care more
• Characteristics to gender role socialisation:

  T]eacher attention ( Jane and Peter French)
• Performing WC feminine identities = symbolic capital
• hyper- heterosexual identities ( punished for having wrong appearance ie makeup, jewellery)
• Boys = low literacy skills= parents reading less
• Globalisation= decline of traditional male jobs = since 1920's decline in mining + engineering
• Swell= education has become feminised, replace coursework with exams
• Beckey Francis = 2/3 of 7-8 year olds don't believe gender of teacher mattered
• Barbara redd= male teachers can discipline male students adequately
• Barbara redd:

  • disciplican discourse
  • liberal discourse
• WC= masculinity assosiated= toughness
• School = inferior = feminine
• Epstein- boys are more likely to be harassed if high achievers "sissies"/ homophobic abuse
• moral panic reflects fear that WC boys will underachieve and become dangerous and underclass= causing problems from society
• A level exams boys vs girls

  computing: males 93% females 7%

  English: 28% males females 72%
• Vocational courses:

  Children's care: male 1% female 99%
• explanations for gender differentiations in subject choice:

  • Gender socialisation
  • Gender education subject images
  • Gender peer pressure
• Gender socialisation : Fiona Norman - girls vs boys toys
• Gender ed subject choices:

  Male teachers encourages boys to go that class
• Gender peer pressure: ginitis (girls called lesbian if interested in sports)
• Double standards: SUE LEES

  • Ideological partriachy
  • Boys boast about sex
  • Girls labelled as slags
• Male Gaze: dominant hetero- Masclinity sexual = Feminity devalued