Immunology (Innate immunity)

• What are the two main principles of the Innate Immune System?

  Inflammation and Antiviral
• Other than eliminating microbes, what other functions does the innate system do?

  Removing dead cells and tissue repair
• What kills virus-infected cells?

  NK cells
• What blocks viral replication?

  type 1 interferon
• Bacterial lipopolysaccharide is an example of?

  PAMS
• What protein is released from cells with damaged nuclei (abbrev)?

  HMGB1
• Glycolipids found in bacterial cell membranes is an example of what epitope?

  Terminal-mannose residuals
• Genes for innate immunity are encoded on the?

  germline
• T or F. Multiple innate immune cells may recognize and respond to the same microbe.

  T
• Why do bacteria have a hard time adapting to the innate immune system if it doesn't change?

  Epitopes don't mutate easily
• what do normal mammalian cells express that prevents them from activating the immune response

  Regulatory molecules
• What molecules initiate the process of inflammation?

  cytokines
• What TLR responds to double stranded RNA?

  TLR3
• What TLR responds to unmethylated CpG DNA?

  TLR9
• TLR-4 responds to what endotoxin?

  bacterial LPS
• TLR-5 responds to what protein?

  flagellin
• Where are toll-like receptors that respond to proteins usually located?

  cell membrane
• what transcription factor promotes endothelial adhesion?

  NF-KB
• Mutations in this protein make individuals susceptible to bacterial pneumonia?

  MyD88
• This receptor sense signals in the cytosol?

  NOD-Like
• Constant inflammation and bacterial invasion of the bowel is evidence of a mutation or loss of function in what receptor?

  NOD2
• What activates IL-1b and IL-18?

  caspase 1
• T or F. Inflammasome must contain caspase-1 to initiate inflammation?

  T
• What prevents the formation of inflammasomes?

  Colchicine
• What detects uric acid cystals?

  NLRP3
• Inflammasomes cause which type of cell death?

  pyroptosis
• RLRs induce the production of what?

  type 1 interferon
• RLRs interact with?(full)to initiate signaling cascades

  Mitochondrial Anti-viral sensing
• CDSs recognize what?

  dsDNA
• T or F. CDSs also trigger type 1 IFN production?

  T
• formyl peptide receptor 1 recognizes what?

  formylmethionine
• T or F. The epithelium of the skin produces defensin?

  T
• T or F. Monocytes are macrophages?

  T
• The progenitors of resident monocytes come from?

  Yolk sac and Liver
• What type of macrophage activation is induced by IL-4 and IL-3?

  Alternative
• What type of activation occurs in the absence of TLRs?

  Alternative
• What causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability found in Mast cell granules?

  histamine
• What cells responds to ant bites?

  mast cells
• What cytokines make macrophages more efficient?


  IFN-y
• What cytokines increase the ability of NK cells?

  Type 1 IFN and IL-12